Steven C. Perkins
Draft version of article published at 19 Denver Journal of International Law & Policy pp.163-267 (Fall, 1990).
ABSTRACT
This paper will give a brief introduction to researching Latin American human rights literature. It will review two significant publications for research on human rights in Latin America and it will then discuss the general process of locating Latin American legal materials on human rights. A guide to the human rights mechanisms of the Organization of American States is followed by a brief introduction to the human rights organs of the United Nations. The paper concludes with three lists: 1) a bibliography of monographs and articles published since 1979, concerned with human rights in Latin America; 2) Latin American law collections in the United States; and 3) organizations concerned with human rights in Latin America. The Caribbean states are not covered.
CONTENTS
Part I
Introduction 00
Legal Materials 00
Legal Periodicals 00
Part II
Organization Of American States
Inter-American Commission on Women 00
Inter-American Indian Institute 00
Inter-American Commission on Human Rights 00
Inter-American Court of Human Rights 00
Inter-American Institute of Human Rights 00
Centro Asesorio y Promotion Electoral 00
Part III
The United Nations
General Assembly 00
The UN Secretariat Centre for Human Rights 00
Third Committee 00
Human Rights Committee 00
Committee on the Elimination of Racial 00
Discrimination
Special Committee on Apartheid 00
UN High Commissioner for Refugees 00
UN Relief and Works Agency for Palestinian 00
Refugees in the Near East
UN Economic and Social Council 00
Commission on Human Rights and the Sub-Commission 00
on Prevention of Discrimination and Protection
of Minorities
Commission on the Status of Women 00
Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination 00
Against Women
Part IV
Sources on Human Rights
in Latin America
Bibliographies 00
Periodicals 00
Newspapers 00
Bibliography of Selected Publications
and Articles on Human Rights in
Latin America since 1980
By Regions 00
By Countries 00
By Subjects 00
Latin American Law Collections in the USA 00
Selected List of Organizations Concerned with 00
Human Rights in Latin America
Conclusion 00
The history of Latin America is long and complex and human rights concerns have long been a part of that history. Hernan Montealegre has stated the situation well, "Far from being merely a diversion...the fact is that...the problem of human rights is not something invented by contemporary activists or jurists...no, the whole problem concerns values which are central to, and permanent in, our way of being and living in Latin America. In other words, they are a defining characteristic of Latin American culture." At the present time, many competing interest groups use the term "human rights" for their own ends. In Latin America, political goals and rhetoric are intimately associated with human rights issues. Because of the rightist, dictatorial nature of many of the Latin American governments, much of the literature comes from leftist oriented groups. That being so, it is often difficult to separate human rights issues from the language of politics. It should also be remembered that "liberation theology" is a powerful force in the Catholic Church in Latin America. One cannot ignore religious publications and groups when researching human rights issues in Latin America. Due to all of these factors, the human rights literature of Latin America is extremely diverse and voluminous.
There are at least three possible approaches to human rights research in Latin America. The first is to use the literature produced by the large number of human rights groups interested in Latin America. The second is to study human rights issues from the perspective of other academic disciplines. The third method is to emphasize legal materials.
The first approach has received, and continues to receive coverage in all forms of popular media. The Human Rights Internet Reporter, (Human Rights Internet, Harvard Law School, Cambridge, MA), provides the best service for current information on these publications.
The other publication of primary importance to this approach is Human Rights in Latin America 1964-1980. It was published in 1983 by the Hispanic Division of the Library of Congress, in cooperation with the Latin American Studies Association. A massive, selective annotated bibliography it emphasizes the non-academic literature on human rights violations produced by the myriad groups both inside and outside of Latin America. As such, it is more a record of the difficult times we live in, than a guide to highly structured scholarly work. Because the issue in Latin America is the life and death of human beings, such an emphasis is appropriate. The bibliography is organized in very broad categories, largely by country, and is difficult to use if one is searching for violations of a specific right. The only index provided is to authors' names. While the persistent researcher will probably be successful in finding needed material, the apparent lack of analytical organization will cause problems. Nevertheless, this is the best source for human rights materials for the period covered, but it can not be relied upon exclusively.
The second approach is best exemplified by the publication, in volume 4 of Human Rights Quarterly, pages 275-298 and pages 509-521, (1982) of "The Human Rights Literature of Latin America: The Southern Cone", by Richard Greenfield. In that article and its continuation, Greenfield gives an exceptional display of knowledge of the sources for Latin American scholarly research. The bulk of the first article is concerned with the basic sources for research in Latin American materials, and it concludes with a bibliography on human rights in Argentina. The second part of the article contains bibliographies on human rights in Chile, Paraguay, and Uruguay. One hopes that the other states of Latin America will receive coverage in future issues.
Because of the completeness with which the two items above cover their topics, the present article focuses on the legal literature of Latin America, with primary attention being paid to the Organization of American States, the Inter-American Institute of Human Rights and the United Nations.
Even in regard to legal materials, there are two roads for the researcher to travel. The first leads to the legal literature of the individual states of Latin America, and the second leads to the Organization of American States and the United Nations.
During the 1940's, the Library of Congress, Hispanic Law Division, issued a Latin American series in which the legal literature of many of the Latin American countries was treated in depth. These publications were entitled, Guide to the Law and Legal Literature of [country name]. Guides were issued for the following countries: Argentina, no. 32 (1948); Bolivia, no. 12 (1947); Chile, no. 28 (1947); Columbia, no. 4 (1946); Cuba, the Dominican Republic, and Haiti, no. 3 (1944); Ecuador, no. 18; Mexico, no. 6 (1945); the Mexican states, no. 13 (1947); Paraguay, no. 14 (1947); Peru, no. 20 (1947); Uruguay, no. 26 (1947); and, Venezuela, no. 16 (1947). Revisions have been issued for Mexico, Clagett, Helen L and David M. Valderrama, A revised Guide to the Law and Legal Literature of Mexico (Washington: Law Library, Library of Congress, 1973) and to Peru, Valderrama, David M. Law and Legal Literature of Peru: A Revised Guide ( Washington, Law Library, Library of Congress, 1976). Hopefully, other titles in this series will also be updated.
The Library of Congress also issued A Guide to the Official Publications of the Other American Republics, made up of individual publications from the Latin American series. The following states were covered: Argentina, no. 9; Bolivia, no. 10; Brazil, no. 35; Chile, no. 17; Colombia, no. 33; Costa Rica, no. 24; Cuba, no. 11; Dominican Republic, no. 25; Ecuador, no. 31; El Salvador, no. 19; Guatemala, no. 30; Haiti, no. 23; Honduras, no. 29; Nicaragua, no. 27; Panama, no. 22; Paraguay, no. 15; Peru, no. 36; Uruguay, no. 37; and, Venezuela, no. 34. The Hispanic Law Division of the Law Library of Congress produced the Index To Latin American Legislation from 1950 to 1975. In 1976, the Index was converted to an on-line system for internal use in the Law Library. At this time, it is not generally available for public use.
Another resource for Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Costa Rica, and Cuba from 1810 to 1965 is Alberto Villalon-Galdames, Bibliografia Juridica de America Latina (1810-1965), in two volumes and an index. Volume I was published by Editorial Juridica de Chile, in 1969. It was accompanied by a separate index volume entitled, Indices provisorios del tomo I. Volume II of the Bibliografia was published by G.K. Hall in 1984.
Between 1984 and 1988, the National Legal Bibliography, compiled by Peter D. Ward, sponsored by the AALL, and published by Hein, included materials on human rights in Latin America in the categories of International Law--Inter-Regional--Civil Rights; Foreign and Regional Law--Latin America and Caribbean--Regional Law, Relations and History--Civil Rights; and also in Civil Rights by specific national jurisdictions. Occasionally, items were listed under Human Rights within the above divisions. The National Legal Bibliography was published in monthly installments and then in a multi-volume annual cumulation. There was a separate series for official government documents and another for non-government publications. Since 1989 it has been published in three series with the following titles: Catalog of Current Law Titles: Formerly National Legal Bibliography Part 1, which contains non-government document titles; Lawyer's Monthly Catalog: Formerly National Legal Bibliography Part II, which contains Federal and state government document titles; and, the Catalog of Foreign and International Law Titles, which contains titles of materials from outside of the U.S.A. In the Catalog of Current Law Titles, human rights materials are indexed under both Civil Rights and Human Rights. In the Lawyer's Monthly Catalog, human rights materials are indexed under the heading of Constitutional Law, Human Rights, and Citizenship. In the Catalog of Foreign and International Law Titles, human rights materials are found under both Civil Rights and Human Rights.
Now that the Library of Congress has "legitimized" Human Rights as a subject heading, it is expected that materials dealing with international human rights will be consistently found under Human Rights rather than under Civil Rights/(International law). The choice of subject heading to search under is particularly important when searching in card catalogs. It is of less importance when using computerized on-line catalogs.
With the advent of subject searching on OCLC in 1990, it will be possible to make comprehensive searches for human rights materials on OCLC as well as on RLIN. Subject searching on both RLIN and OCLC will probably cover over 90% of the libraries likely to hold human rights materials and will ease the production of comprehensive bibliographies.
Research in domestic legal materials will concentrate upon the constitutions, codes and case reports for each country. All of these are well covered by the titles listed above. The constitutions of the Latin American states are reproduced in The Constitutions of the Countries of the World, published by Oceana in a multi-volume looseleaf format. The "Official Gazettes" of the Latin American countries are well covered in John E. Roberts, A Guide to Official Gazettes and Their Contents. Rev. Ed. (Washington: Law Library, Library of Congress, 1985). Additional information on the Latin American Official Gazettes can be found in the materials prepared by the Section on Foreign, Comparative and International Law for the Chicago Annual Meeting of the American Association of Law Libraries. Those materials are available in microfiche from the AALL Headquarters in Chicago.
An excellent, but now out of date, guide to Latin American legal materials is the "List No. 42, Latin American Law" in Law Books Recommended for Libraries, published by the AALS in 1968. This publication was supplemented in 1976, covering materials through 1970. It is being unofficially continued by Oscar J. Miller and Mortimer D. Schwartz, Recommended Publications for Legal Research, [date], published by Rothman. So far, volumes have been issued covering 1979 through 1986. Retrospective coverage from 1971 is planned and current volumes will be issued at the end of each year. Materials on human rights in Latin America will be found under the subject heading of International Law. Legal titles for 1970-75 are covered in Juan F. Aquilar, editor, Basic Latin American Legal Materials, 1970-1975, published in 1977 by Rothman for the AALL.
The legal periodical literature of Latin America is partially indexed in the Index to Foreign Legal Periodicals. Legal periodicals issued in English, which may contain articles on Latin American legal topics, are indexed in the Index to Legal Periodicals and Legal Resource Index and their electronic counterparts. In addition, the Bibliography of Foreign and Comparative Law issued by the Parker School at Columbia University must be consulted. This item indexes monographs and articles within monographs and periodicals. However, these indices do not give comprehensive coverage of Latin American legal periodicals.
As is noted by Greenfield, the Latin American Studies Association is the primary sponsor of organized scholarly research on Latin America in the United States. Its Handbook of Latin American Studies (Austin: University of Texas Press, 1935- ) indexes all types of publications on Latin America in any language. Over 1000 periodicals are included. It must be consulted in any periodical search concerning human rights in Latin America. Separate volumes on humanities and social sciences are issued in alternate years. Both areas should be searched for titles of interest. Other journal indexes which should be used are: Bibliographie Latinoamericaine d'Articles, (Paris: Institute des Hautes Etudes de l'Amerique Latine, Centre de Documentation, 1981-). It is published twice each year and indexes approximately 300 journals.; Central American Writers Bulletin: An Annotated Bibliography of Articles on Central America (Austin: Central American Resource Center, 1983-). It is also published twice each year and it covers approximately 150 journals.; the final periodical index is the HAPI: Hispanic American Periodicals Index (Los Angeles: UCLA, Latin American Center Publications, University of California, 1975-). It is published annually and indexes approximately 250 journals.
A source for information on the acquisition of materials from Latin America is the Secretariat, Seminar on the Acquisition of Latin American Library Materials (SALALM), located at the Memorial Library, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin. A continuing publication of SALALM is Lionel V. Lorona, comp., A Bibliography of Latin American and Caribbean Bibliographies (Madison, Wisconsin: SALALM Secretariat, Memorial Library, Univ. of Wisconsin-Madison, 1983-). This continues a series of bibliographies originally compiled by Arthur E. Gropp, A Bibliography of Latin American Bibliographies (Metuchen, N.J.: Scarecrow Press, 1969). This was supplemented in 1971, Supplement; 1976, A Bibliography of Latin American Bibliographies Published in Periodicals (2 vols.); 1979 by Cordeiro, Daniel Raposo, A Bibliography of Latin American Bibliographies: Social Sciences & Humanities Supplementing the Original Works by Arthur E. Gropp; 1982 by Piedracueva, Haydee, A Bibliography of Latin American Bibliographies, 1975-1979: Social Sciences and Humanities. The most recent update is Lionel V. Lorona, editor, A Bibliography of Latin American Bibliographies, 1980-1984: Social Science And Humanities; Supplement No. 4. Metuchen, NJ: Scarecrow Press, 1987. Bibliographies for 1980-82 were done by Haydee Piedracueva and published by SALALM in its Final Report and Working Papers of the 25th, 26th and 27th Seminars on the Acquisition of Latin American Library Materials.
Not to be overlooked are the reports issued by the United States Congress, Country Reports on Human Rights Practices for 19xx. This is a Joint Committee Print issued by the Senate Committee on Foreign Relations and the House Committee on Foreign Relations and Foreign Affairs. It is prepared by the U.S. Department of State in accordance with sections 116(d) and 502(b) of the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961, as Amended. The human rights practices of all countries of Latin America are examined in this annual publication. The objectivity of the reports for various countries is often questioned. Each of these Committees publishes separate reports dealing with human rights in Latin America -- as do other committees in the Congress. The Monthly Catalog of U.S. Government Publications and its commercial counterparts should always be checked for items of interest.
The OAS is the oldest regional inter-governmental organization, established in 1890 as the International Union of American Republics. The OAS documentation system is explained in John W. Williams, "Research Tips in International Law", 20 The George Washington Journal of International Law and Economics #1 & 2, (1986). This review will cover only the human rights materials. A complete review of the use of all OAS documents is in Thomas H. Reynolds, "Highest Aspirations or Barbarous Acts...The Explosion in Human Rights Documentation: A Bibliographic Survey", 71 Law Library Journal p. 1 (1978). OAS materials are issued in English and/or Spanish.
I) A complete collection of OAS documents would consist of runs of: A) the OAS Sales Publications; B) the OAS Official Records; and C) the OAS Technical Reports.
A) The OAS SALES PUBLICATIONS consist of selected documents from all categories of OAS publications and documents. The Sales Catalogue can be obtained from this address:
General Secretariat Organization of American States Department of Public Information Washington, DC 20006B) The OAS OFFICIAL RECORDS series can be ordered on a standing order basis from the above address. It includes the Inter-American Treaty series and the Official Records of the following: the General Assembly; the Meeting of Consultation of Ministers of Foreign Affairs; the Permanent Council; the Inter-American Economic and Social Council; the Inter-American Council for Education, Science and Culture; the Inter-American Juridical Committee; the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights; the Specialized Conferences; the General Secretariat; and the Specialized Organizations. To have complete coverage, it is necessary to order the series of Informa- tional and Technical Publications of the General Secretariat of the OAS.
C) The OAS TECHNICAL REPORTS AND DOCUMENTS series can be ordered on microfiche as a standing order. The Sales Catalogue gives only a general reference to these. A separate catalogue is issued, the Cataloger de Informes y Documentos Technicos de la OEA, however, it is issued only in Spanish.
Human rights materials in the OAS come from the General Assembly in the Actas y Documentes; from the Consultations of Ministers of Foreign Affairs in the Official Records series of Meetings of Consultation and Final Acts. Those organs which can be considered as specifically human rights oriented are: the Inter-American Commission of Women; the Inter-American Indian Institute; the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights; and the Inter-American Court of Human Rights.
The most comprehensive guide to the OAS human rights mechanisms is Thomas Buergenthal and Robert E. Norris, Human Rights: The Inter-American System, Dobbs Ferry, NY: Oceana Publications, 1982, a multiple volume looseleaf service which gives a detailed history of the American Declaration on the Rights and Duties of Man and the American Convention on Human Rights, and traces the evolution of the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights and the case law of the Inter-American Court of Human Rights. The following are the source documents on human rights in the OAS:
1. International American Conference, 9th, Bogata. The American Declaration on the Rights and Duties of Man. Final Act of the Conference. Washington: Pan American Union [1949], see also OEA/Ser. L/V/II.23, doc. 21, rev. 6, (English 1979).
2. Inter-American Specialized Conference on Human Rights, 1969, San Jose, Costa Rica. The American Convention on Human Rights. San Jose: The Conference. 1969. OEA/Ser.K/16/1.1, and OEA/Ser.C/VI.18.1, and OEA/Ser.A/16.
II) The INTER-AMERICAN COMMISSION ON WOMEN has an active program of research and publication. Its documents appear in the OEA/Ser.L/II.#, series of the OAS official records. It principal publication is the Boletin de la Comision Interamericana de Mujeres. It also issues an annual report.
III) The INTER-AMERICAN INDIAN INSTITUTE publishes several periodicals which are invaluable for Indian studies in the Americas. These are: America Indigena; Boletin Indigenista; Noticias Indigenistas de America; and the Anuario-Indigenista. There is a Indice Analytica for these from 1940-1980 and a separate Indice General for each title covering the same time period. The Institute has issued an Annual Report on the Activities of the Inter-American Indian Institute as OEA/Ser.H/- since 1961. The Institute has held nine Inter- American Indian Congresses, the last being in Santa Fe, New Mexico, 28 October to 1 November 1985. The tenth Congress is scheduled for 1990 in Argentina. For information on its publications and activities write to:
Inter-American Indian Institute/ Institute Indigenista Interamericano Insurgentes Sur No. 1690 Colonia Florida Mexico 20, D.F., MexicoIV) The INTER-AMERICAN COMMISSION ON HUMAN RIGHTS has the principal responsibility for promoting and protecting human rights in the Americas. It was created in 1960 and was empowered to hear complaints in 1965. The Commission periodically prints a Handbook of Existing Rules Pertaining to Human Rights/ Manual de normas vigentes en materia derechos humanos, OEA/Ser.L/V/II.#, doc. #, the most recent being issued in 1988. It is available from the Department of Public Information. This contains the text of the Commission's statute and nearly all the OAS documents and regulations pertaining to human rights. The text of the Statute of the Commission can also be found in either 1 Human Rights Law Journal 379-387 (1980) or 20 Santa Clara Law Review 758-72 (1980).
The Commission applies the American Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Man to complaints against member states not states-parties to the American Convention on Human Rights and the American Convention on Human Rights to complaints against states-parties to the Convention. When a petition sets forth a violation of the American Convention on Human Rights, the Commission refers the case to the Inter- American Court of Human Rights for decision.
The Commission has issued two report series in the OAS Official Records: 1) Report of the Work Accomplished during Its [#] Session, OEA Ser.L/V/II1/#, doc. #; and (2) the Annual Report of the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights for the Year [19xx], OEA Ser/P/AG/doc.#. A ten year retrospective collection entitled, Commission Interamericana de Derechos Humanos - Diez Anos de Actividades 1971-1981 is available as a sales publication.
The Commission also issues reports on human rights in specific countries, Report on the Situation of Human Rights in/Informe sobre la situacion de los derechos humanos en (country name). These have generally appeared in the (OEA/Ser.L/V/II.#/doc #, date) series. They are also available for purchase in the Sales Catalogue. The following reports have been issued since 1980:
Report on the situation of human rights in Argentina. 1980. OEA/Ser.L/V/II.49, doc. 19, corr. 1.
Report on the Situation of Human Rights in the Republic of Bolivia. 1981. OEA, Ser.L/V/II.53, doc. 6, 1 July 1981, original: Spanish.
Informe Sobre La Situacion de los Derechos Humanos en Chile. 1985. OEA/Ser.L/V/II.66.
Sexto informe sobre la situacion de los presos politicos en Cuba. 1980. OEA/Ser.L./V/II.48, doc. 7.
The situation of human rights in Cuba: seventh report. 1983. OEA/Ser.L/V/II.61. doc 29 rev. 1.
Report on the Situation of Human Rights in the Republic of Columbia. 1981. OEA/Ser.L/V/II.53, doc. 22, 30 June 1981, original: Spanish.
Report on the Situation of Human Rights in the Republic of Guatamala. 1981. OEA/Ser.L/V/II.53, doc. 21 Rev.2, 13 October 1981, original:Spanish.
Report on the situation of human rights in the Republic of Guatemala. 1983. OEA/Ser.L/V/II.61, doc. 47 rev 1, October 5, 1983, original:Spanish.
Tercer Informe Sobre la Situcion de los Derechos Humanos en la Republica de Guatemala.
Report on the Situation of Human Rights in the Republic of Nicaragua. 1981. OEA/Ser.L/V/II.53, doc. 25, 30 June 1981, original: Spanish.
Report on the Situation of Human Rights of a Segment of the Nicaraguan Population of Miskito Origin: and Resolution on the Friendly Settlement Procedure Regarding the Human Rights Situation of a Segment of the Nicaraguan Population of Miskito Origin. 1983, 1984. OEA/Ser.L/V/II.62, doc. 10 rev. 3, 29 November 1983, Original:Spanish. OEA/Ser.L/V/II.62, doc. 26, May 16, 1984, Original:Spanish.
Informe sobre la situacion de los derechos humanos en Paraguay. 1987. OEA/Ser.L/V/II.71, doc. 19, rev. 1, 28 September 1987, original: Spanish.
Report on the Situation of Human Rights in Suriname. 1983. OAS/Ser. L/II.61, Doc. 6 rev. 1, October 5, 1983, original: English.
Second report on the human rights situation in Suriname. 1985. OAS/Ser.L/V/II.66, doc. 21 rev. 1, October 2, 1985, original: English.
Other publications of the Commission include the following:
Derechos humanos en las Americas = Direitos humanos nas Americas = Human rights in the Americas. [Washington]: Inter-American Commission on Human Rights, [1984?].
25 years of struggle for human rights in the Americas. Washington: Organization of American States, [1984].
Basic documents pertaining to human rights in the inter-American system. Washington: IACHR; General Secretariat, Organization of American States, 1988.
Derechos humanos en las Americas: homenaje a la memoria de Carlos A. Dunshee de Abranches Washington: Organizacion de los Estados Americanos, 1984.
The last item issued by the Commission is the Inter-American Yearbook on Human Rights. Volumes prior to 1985 are available for purchase through the Department of Public Information. Beginning with the 1985 Yearbook publication was taken over by Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, a division of Kluwer Academic Publishers Group. While this action may speed the publication process, the price charged is high and will keep these publications out of all but the largest law libraries or human rights collections. It is to be hoped that there will be a moderation in the price for this title. While Kluwer is to be commended for setting up a human rights publications group, the present pricing structure is not going to further the cause of widening public awareness of human rights issues and literature.
The OAS issued a microfiche collection of the documents and other publications of the Commission from 1960 to 1984 in 1984. Some of those publications follow:
Fifth report on the status of human rights in Cuba : Approved by the Commission at its 471th meeting held on May 25, 1976. 1976. OEA/ser.L/V/II/38, doc.12.
Handbook of existing rules pertaining to human rights. 1970. OEA/Ser.L/V/II.23, doc. 21 (English) rev. December 17, 1970.
Handbook of existing rules pertaining to human rights. 3d revision. 1977. OEA/Ser.L/V/II.23. Doc. 21 rev. 3.
Handbook of existing rules pertaining to human rights. 1978. OEA/Ser. L/V/II.23, doc. 21, rev. 5.
Handbook of existing rules pertaining to human rights. 6th revision. 1979. OEA/Ser.L/V/II.23,doc. 21 rev. 6.
Human rights and representative democracy. 1965.
Informe sobre la situacion de los derechos humanos en El Salvador. 1978. OEA/Ser.L/V/II.46, doc. 23 rev. 1, 17 noviembre 1978.
Martins, Daniel Hugo. The protection of human rights in connection with the suspension of constitutional guarantees or 'state of siege': comparative study of legislation in the light of the theory of representative... 1967.
La Organizacion de los Estados Americanos y los derechos humanos, 1960-1967. 1972.
Report on the situation of human rights in Haiti. [1979 or 1980]. OEA Ser.L/V/II.46, doc.66 rev. 1.
Report on the situation of human rights in Nicaragua: findings of the "on-site" observation in the Republic of Nicaragua, October 3-12, 1978. 1978. OEA/Ser.L/V/II.45, doc. 16, rev. 1, 17 November 1978, original: Spanish.
Report on the situation of human rights in Panama. 1979. OEA/Ser.L/V/11.44,doc 38, rev. 1.
Report on the situation of human rights in Paraguay. 1978. OEA/Ser.L/V/II.43, doc. 13 corr. 1, 31 January 1978, original: Spanish.
Report on the situation of human rights in Uruguay. 1978. OEA/Ser.L/V/II.43, CIDH/doc. 19 corr 1, 31 enero 1978, original: Spanish.
Report on the situation regarding human rights in Haiti. 1963. OEA/Ser.L./V/II.8, doc. 5.
Report on the situation regarding human rights in the Dominican Republic. 1962. OEA/Ser.L/V/II.4, doc. 32 (English)
Report on the situation regarding human rights in the Republic of Cuba. 1962.
Report on the status of human rights in Chile : findings of "on-the-spot" observations in the Republic of Chile, July 22-August 2, 1974 : approved by the Commission at its 424th meeting, held October 24, 1974. 1974. OEA/Ser.L/V/II.34, doc.21, corr. 1.
Seminario Regional referente a la Convencion Americana sobre Derechos Humanos (1979: San Jose, Costa Rica). [c1980].
Sixth report on the situation of political prisoners in Cuba. 1979. OEA/Ser.L/V/II.48, doc. 7.
Third report on the situation of human rights in Chile. 1977. OEA/Ser.L/V/II.40, IACHR/doc.10.
V) The INTER-AMERICAN COURT OF HUMAN RIGHTS prepares an Annual Report to the General Assembly, OEA/Ser.L/V/III.#, doc.#, which is available for purchase as well as being part of the Official Records series.
The Court renders decisions and advisory opinions in accordance with the Statute of the Inter-American Court of Human Rights (see, 2 Human Rights Law Journal 207-212 (1981)) and the Rules of Procedure. There are two series of publications for these: Serie A -- Fallos y opiniones; and Serie B -- Memorias, argumento orales y documentos. The Rules of Procedure of the Court are found in the Handbook of Existing Rules Pertaining to Human Rights, mentioned above under the discussion of the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights (see, 20 International Legal Materials 1289-1306 (1981)). Basic documents pertaining to human rights in the inter-American system. Washington: IACHR Court, General Secretariat, Organization of American States, 1988.
The Court has issued the following Decisions which appear in the A, and B Series:
Order of the President of July 15, 1981, No. G. 101/81: In the Matter of Viviana Gallardo.
Interlocutory Judgment of July 22, 1981, No. G. 101/81: Government of Costa Rica (in the Matter of Viviana Gallardo et. al.)
Decision of November 13, 1981, No. G 101/81: In the Matter of Viviana Gallardo et al.
Order of September 8, 1983, No. G. 101/81: Government of Costa Rica (In the Matter of Viviana Gallardo et. al.) Decision Closing the Gallardo Case.
The Court has issued three decisions in the following cases refered to it from the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights involving the Government of Honduras. These involved 1) the detention of Angel Manfredo Velasquez Rodriquez; 2) the detention and disappearance of Francisco Fairen Garbi and Yolanda Solis; and 3) the detention and disappearance of Professor Saul Godinez Cruz. These appeared in Series C:
Inter-American Court of Human Rights. Caso Velasquez Rodriguez: excepciones preliminares, sentencia de 26 de junio de 1987 = Velasquez Rodriguez case: preliminary objections, judgement of June 26, 1987. San Jose: Secretaria de la Corte, 1987. Serie C: Resoluciones y sentencias; no. 1 = Inter-American Court of Human Rights. Series C: Decisions and Judgements ; no. 1.
Inter-American Court of Human Rights. Caso Fairen Garbi y Solis Corrales: excepciones preliminares, sentencia de 26 de junio de 1987 = Fairen Garbi and Solis Corrales case: preliminary objections, judgement of June 26, 1987. San Jose: Secretaria de la Corte, 1987. Serie C (Corte Interamericana de Derechos Humanos) Resoluciones y sentencias ; no. 2.
Inter-American Court of Human Rights. Caso Godinez Cruz: excepciones preliminares, sentencia de 26 de junio de 1987 = Godinez Cruz case: preliminary objections, judgement of June 26, 1987. San Jose: Secretaria de la Corte, 1987. Serie C (Corte Interamericana de Derecho Humanos) Resoluciones y sentencias ; no. 3.
Inter-American Court of Human Rights. Caso Godinez Cruz, Sentencia del 20 de Enero de 1989. San Jose: Secretaria de la Corte, 1989.
The Court has issued the following Advisory Opinions, which can be found in the A Series, Fallos y Opiniones, and in the B Series, Memorias, Argumentos Orales y Documentos:
Advisory Opinion OC-1/82 of September 24, 1982: "Other Treaties" Subject to the Advisory Jurisdiction of the Court (Art. 64 American Convention on Human Rights);
Advisory Opinion OC-2/82 of September 24, 1982: The Effect of Reservations on the Entry Into Force of the American Convention on Human Rights (Arts. 74 and 75);
Advisory Opinion OC-3/83 of September 8, 1983: Restrictions to the Death Penalty (Arts. 4(2) and 4(4) American Convention on Human Rights);
Advisory Opinion OC-4/84 of January 19, 1984: Proposed Amendments to the Naturalization Provisions of the Political Constitution of Costa Rica;
Advisory Opinion OC-5/85 of November 13, 1985: Compulsory Membership in an Association Prescribed by Law for the Practice of Journalism (Arts. 13 and 29 American Convention on Human Rights);
Advisory Opinion OC-6/86 of May 9, 1986: The Word "Laws" in Article 30 of the American Convention on Human Rights;
Advisory Opinion OC-7/86 of 29 August, 1986: Enforceability of the Right to Reply or Correction (Arts. 14(1), 1(1) and 2 American Convention on Human Rights);
Advisory Opinion OC-8/87 of 30 January 1987: Habeas Corpus (Arts. 27.2, 25.1 and 7.6 of the American Convention on Human Rights).
Advisory Opinion OC-9/87 of October 6, 1987: judicial Guarantees in States of Emergency (Arts. 27(2), 25 and 8 of the American Convention on Human Rights).
An additional source for human rights materials on Latin America is the Inter- American Institute of Human Rights. It is the most recent international human rights organization to appear in Latin America. It acts as one of the regional world-wide human rights institutes called for by the United Nations. It was created by an instrument signed between the government of Costa Rica and the Inter-American Court of Human Rights in 1980 in recognition of the entering into force of the American Convention on Human Rights and the establishment of the Inter-American Court of Human Rights. The Institute has developed a publications program and is promoting scholarship on all aspects of human rights in the Latin American context. An overview of its activities can be found in the Manual de Cursos, Recopilacion de Conferencias, (San Jose: El Instituto, 1987). The Manual is 500 pages in length and it contains bibliographies on human rights topics. Issue number 1 of the Revista IIDH contains several articles on the Institute and its activities on pages 105-120.
The Institute has issued the following publications:
La Corte Interamericano de Derechos Humanos: Estudios y Documentos. San Jose, Costa Rica: Instituto Interamericano de Derechos Humanos, 339 p., 1986.
Education y Derechos Humanos: 1er Seminario Interamericano. 1a. Ed. San Jose, Costa Rica: Instituto Interamericano de Derechos Humanos; Libro Libre, 364 p., [1986].
Education y Derechos Humanos: Una Discusion Interdisciplinaria. San Jose: IIDH; Buenos Aires: Centro Editor de America Latina, 278 p., 1989.
Fruhling, Hugo, Gloria Alberti and Felipe Portales. Organizaciones de Derechos Humanos de America del Sur. San Jose: IIDH, 285 p., 1989.
Gros Espiell, Hector. Estudios Sobre Derechos Humanos. San Jose; Caracas: IIDH; Editorial Juridica Venezolana, 1985.
Gros Espiell, Hector. Neutralidad y No Intervencion. San Jose: IIDH, 1985.
Fruhling, Hugo. Organizaciones de derechos humanos de America del Sur. San Jose: Instituto Interamericano de Derchos Humanos, 1989.
Nieto Navia, Rafael. Introduccion al Sistema Interamericano de Proteccion a los Derechos Humanos. San Jose; Bogata: Instituto Interamericano de Derechos Humanos; Pontifica Universidad Javeriana, Programa de Estudios Politicos, 268 p., 1988.
Nikken, Pedro. La Proteccion Internacional de los Derechos Humanos: Su Desarrollo Progresivo. 1a ed. Madrid: Instituto Interamericano de Derechos Humanos; Civitas, 321 p., 1987.
O'Donnell, Daniel. Proteccion Internacional de los Derechos Humanos. 1a ed. Lima: Comision Andina de Juristas, 752 p., 1988.
Seguridad del estado, derecho humanitario y derechos humanos: Informe final. Comite Internacional de la Cruz Roja [y] IIDH, Instituto Interamericano de Derechos Humanos. San Jose, Costa Rica: IIDH, 126 p., [1984].
II Seminario Interamericano sobre Seguridad del Estado, Derecho Humanitario y Derechos Humanos en Centro America. Comite Internacional de la Cruz Roja[e] Instituto Interamericano de Derechos Humanos. San Jose, Costa Rica: CICR; IIDH, 174 p., 1985. Sistemas penales y derechos humanos en America Latina: Primer informe: Documentos y cuestionarios elaborados para el seminario de San Jose, Costa Rica, 11 al 15 de julio de 1983. Buenos Aires: Ediciones Depalma, 258 p., 1984.
Sistemas penales y Derechos humanos en America Latina: Informe final: documento final del programa de investigacion. Desarrollado por el Instituto Interamericano de Derechos Humanos, 1982-1984; coordinator, Eugenio R. Zaffaroni. Buenos Aires: Ediciones Depalma, 461 p., 1986.
Stravenhagen, Rodolfo. Derecho Indigena y Derechos Humanos en America Latina. Mexico: IIDH, El Colegio de Mexico, 383 p., 1988.
Swinarski, Christophe. Introduccion al Derecho Internacional Humanitario. Ginebra; San Jose: CICR; IIDH, 1984.
Taller Internacional de Trabajo Centroamerica: Transicion a la Democracia: informe final. San Jose, Costa Rica: Instituto Interamericano de Derechos Humanos, 35 p., 1983.
Zovatto, Daniel, compliador. Los Derechos Humanos en el sistema interamericano: Recopilacion de instrumentos basicos. 1a. Ed. Costa Rica: IIDH, 357 p., 1987.
The Institute also issues two periodicals, the Boletin Inforvativo and the Revista IIDH. Both began publication in 1985. The Revista is issued twice each year in April and October. The October issue contains articles, documents and bibliographies covering international human rights activities and issues throughout the world in the preceeding half-year from January through June. The April issue covers the preceeding July through December. Annotations are given for the books in the bibliographies. Materials are published either in Spanish or English, but not in both languages. Selected articles from the Revista are included in the bibliography later on in this article. The Revista concentrates on the Americas, but it also reports human rights activities throughout the world.
Publications of the IIDH may be ordered from the following address:
Instituto Interamericano de Derechos Humanos Departamento de Publicaciones Apartado Postal 10.081 San Jose, Costa RicaCAPEL Associated with the Institute is the Center for Electoral Counseling and Promotion/Centro de Asesoria y Promocion Electoral (CEPAL). CEPAL has a publication program on the electoral process in Latin America. The following titles have been published since 1985: Kaplan, Marcos. Participacion Politica, Estatismo y Presidencialismo en la America Latina Contemporanea/ Political Participation, Statism and Presidentialism in Contemporary Latin America. (Cuardernos de CAPEL No. 1). San Jose, Costa Rica: Instituto Interamericano de Derechos Humanos, Centro de Asesoria y Promocion Electoral, 1985.
Rosada Granados, Hector. Guatemala 1984 Elecciones Para Asamblea Nacional Constituyente. (Cuardernos de CAPEL No. 2). San Jose: Instituto Interamericano de Derechos Humanos, Centro Asesorio y Promocion Electoral, 1985.
Sachiga, Luis Carlos. Democracia, Representacion, Participacion/ Democracy, Participation, Representation. (Cuardernos de CAPEL No. 3). San Jose, Costa Rica: Instituto Interamericano de Derechos Humanos, Centro de Asesoria y Promocion Electoral, 1985.
Sadek, Maria Teresa A. and Jose Antonio Borges. Educacion y Ciudadania: La Exclusion Politica de los Analfabetos en el Brasil. (Cuardernos de CAPEL No. 4). San Jose: Instituto Interamericano de Derechos Humanos, Centro de Asesoria y Promocion Electoral, 1985.
Rosenberg, Mark B. Democracia en Centroamerica?. (Cuardernos de CAPEL No. 5). San Jose: Instituto Interamericano de Derechos Humanos, Centro de Asesoria y Promocion Electoral, 1985.
Oliart, Francisco. Campesinado Indigena y Derecho Electoral en America Latina/ Indigenous Peasantry and Electoral Rights in Latin America. (Cuardernos de CAPEL No. 6). San Jose, Costa Rica: Instituto Interamericano de Derechos Humanos, Centro de Asesoria y Promocion Electoral, 1986.
Bidart Campos, German. Legitimidad de los Procesos Electorales/ Legitimacy of Electoral Processes. (Cuardernos de CAPEL No. 7). San Jose, Costa Rica: Instituto Interamericano de Derechos Humanos, Centro de Asesoria y Promocion Electoral, 1986.
Fernandez, Mario. Sistemas Electorales, sus Problemas y Opciones para la Democracia Chilena. (Cuardernos de CAPEL No. 8). San Jose, Costa Rica: Instituto Interamericano de Derechos Humanos, Centro de Asesoria y Promocion Electoral, 1986.
Brea Franco, Julio; Butten Varona, Nelson; Campillo Perez, Julio and Jose A. Silie Gaton. Legislacion Electoral de la Republica Dominicana. (Cuardernos de CAPEL No. 9). San Jose: Instituto Interamericana de Derechos Humanos, Centro Asesorio y Promocion Electoral, 1986.
Molina, Jose Enrique. Democracia Representativa y Participacion Politica en Venezuela. (Cuardernos de CAPEL No. 10). San Jose: Instituto Interamericana de Derechos Humanos, Centro Asesorio y Promocion Electoral, 1986.
Hernandez Valle, Ruben. Costa Rica: Elecciones de 1986, Analisis de los Resultados. (Cuardernos de CAPEL No. 11). San Jose: Instituto Interamericana de Derechos Humanos, Centro Asesorio y Promocion Electoral, 1986.
Valades, Diego. El Desarrollo Municipal Como Supuesto de la Democracia y del Federalismo Mexicanos. (Cuardernos de CAPEL 12). San Jose: Instituto Interamericano de Derechos Humanos, Centro de Asesoria y Promocion Electoral, 1986.
Sanchez Agesta, Luis. Democracia y Procesos Electorales/ Democracy and Electoral Processes. (Cuardernos de CAPEL No. 13). San Jose, Costa Rica: Instituto Interamericano de Derechos Humanos, Centro de Asesoria y Promocion Electoral, 1986.
Hernandez Becerra, Augusto. Las Elecciones en Colombia (Analisis Juridico-Political). (Cuardernos de CAPEL No. 14). San Jose, Costa Rica: Instituto Interamericano de Derechos Humanos, Centro de Asesoria y Promocion Electoral, 1986.
Bajeaux, Jean-Claude; Garcia Laguardia, Jorge Mario; Gutierrez, Carlos Jose and Constantino Urcuyo Fournier. Elecciones y Proceso de Democratizacion en Haiti. (Cuardernos de CAPEL No. 15). San Jose, Costa Rica: Instituto Interamericano de Derechos Humanos, Centro de Asesoria y Promocion Electoral, 1986.
Garcia Belaunde, Diego. Una Democracia en Transicion (Las Elecciones Peruanas de 1985). (Cuardernos de CAPEL No. 16). San Jose, Costa Rica: Instituto Interamericano de Derechos Humanos, Centro de Asesoria y Promocion Electoral, 1986.
Elecciones y Democracia en America Latina: Memoria del Primer Curso Anual Interamericano de Elecciones. San Jose: San Jose, Costa Rica: Instituto Interamericano de Derechos Humanos, Centro de Asesoria y Promocion Electoral, 1988.
Legislacion Electoral Comparada: Colombia, Mexico, Panama, Venezuela y Centroamerica/ Electoral Legislation Compared: Colombia, Mexico, Panama, Venezuela and Central America. San Jose, Costa Rica: Instituto Interamericano de Derechos Humanos, Centro de Asesoria y Promocion Electoral;Instituto de Investigaciones Juridicas, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, 1986.
Memoria, Segunda Conferencia de la Asociacion de Organismos Electorales de Centroamericana y el Caribe: Tema, El Registro Electoral. 1a ed. San Jose: Centro Interamericano de Asesoria y Promocion Electoral, Instituto Interamericano de Derechos Humanos, 1988.
Outside of the OAS system is the Instituto de Derechos Humanos, Universidad Centroamericana "Jose Simeon Canas" (IDHUCA) in San Salvador, El Salvador. IDHUCA has an active publications program and is an excellent source of materials on human rights in Central America.
Another organization outside of the OAS is the Comision para la Defensa de los Derechos Humanos en Centroamericano. This organization has a well developed body of instrumentalities and carries on an active publications program. It publishes monographs, educational materials (Serie materiales educativos), and regional studies (Cuardernos Centroamericana de Derechos Humanos). It sponsored the Primer Seminario-Taller Centroamericano para la Defensa de los Derechos Humanos in May, 1986. A Second Central American Workshop on Human Rights Education was held in 1986 in San Jose, Costa Rica.
As the main international governmental organization , the United Nations has taken the lead in the development of international norms in the area of human rights. Its record in the enforcement of such norms has not been as exemplary.
I. To obtain current U.N. sales catalogues write:
United Nations Publications United Nations Publications Room DC 2-0070
or Palais des Nations
New York, NY 10017 CH-1211 Geneva 10
U.S.A. Switzerland
Because many items concerning human rights in Latin America are published throughout the U.N. documentation series, it is always necessary to search the official U.N. index series and the unofficial indexes as well for document citations. The following items should always be consulted:
1) The Yearbook on Human Rights, sales #E.81/XIV.1. This is published by the Centre for Human Rights, and has been published since 1946. It was an annual from 1946 to 1972 and has been biennial since that date;
2) The Yearbook of the Human Rights Committee, has been published biennially since 1977.
3) Annual Review of United Nations Affairs, published by Oceana Publications, Dobbs Ferry, New York. This latter is generally available before the former, but it does not provide the detailed document citations found in the official publication. It does contain brief summaries of official governmental statements in the General Assembly general debate. Most of the material in the Annual Review comes from the UN Chronicle published by the U.N. Department of Public Affairs. The Annual Review is not consistent in its citation practice from year to year.
For a detailed listing of U.N. documents on human rights through 1981 see: Diana Vincent-Daviss, "Human Rights Law: A Research Guide to the Literature-Part I: International law and the United Nations," 14 NYU Journal of International Law and Politics p. 209, (1981-82). This article and its continuations treat all areas of human rights. It also contains a brief review of the U.N. documentation system and its abbreviations.
The U.N. instruments on human rights are most easily accessible in International Human Rights Instruments of the United Nations, 1949-1982, UNIFO Pub., Ltd., Pleasantville, New York, (1983). They are also accessible in the UN Treaty Series. Recent instruments are usually available in International Legal Materials. The U.N. Sales Catalogue lists various collections of the U.N. human rights instruments.
Two other articles which should be consulted are those mentioned above: 1) John Williams, "Research Tips in International Law," 20 The George Washington Journal of International Law and Economics #1 & 2 (1986); and 2) Thomas H. Reynolds, "Highest Aspirations or Barbarous Acts...The Explosion in Human Rights Documentation: A Bibliographic Survey," 71 Law Library Journal 1-48 (1978). Both of these articles cover the documentation systems of the United Nations and the Organization of American States. The following journals review the human rights activities of the U.N. on a periodic basis: International Commission of Jurists Review; Human Rights Quarterly; American Journal of International Law; and Human Rights Law Journal.
Publications of the U.N. are generally cited by their title and U.N. document designation. This consists of a title followed by a series of letters and numbers separated by a slash mark. This citation tells the researcher which U.N. organ issued the document and the year it was issued. Use of both the title and the document designation is the only way to be sure one is talking about a specific item. This is so because the titles for standard periodic reports or agenda items are reused each year or session without change. Reports of subsidiary bodies are often supplements or appendices to the reports of the parent body. In other instances, the report one is interested in is part of a report on an agenda iten and therefore consists of several pages within the agenda item report. This complexity makes the poor state of the present indexing tools extremely frustrating to anyone trying to do research in U.N. documents. A CD ROM index to all U.N. documents is presently under development by Readex Corp. When it is available it will radically alter the process of researching these documents. Below is an abbreviated list of the document designations. A full list is available in each issue of the UNDOC and the system is fully discussed in the articles cited above.
General Assembly
Other Major Organs
International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights
International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights
International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination
International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women
Functional Symbols
The following is an guide to U.N. organs concerned with human rights in Latin America. Some documents are cited without a U.N. document designation. This is so in those cases where the compiler could not locate an item mentioned in an article, but believed that knowledge of the existence of the item would be of use to researchers. Again, this is an example of the poor indexing of U.N. materials:
Secretary General The Secretary General has distinct responsibilities in the UN programme on human rights. Many reports are accompanied by notes from the Secretary General transmitting the report to the General Assembly, the Economic and Social Council, Governments and non- governmental organizations. These items can appear in any of the UN documentation series. In 1982, the Secretary General redesignated the Division of Human Rights as the Centre for Human Rights. The General Assembly adopted this change in A/DEC/37/437. For discussion of the Secretary General's role in the international human rights regime, see; Ramcharan, B.G. "The Good Offices of the United Nations Secretary-General in the Field of Human Rights", 76 Am. J. Int'l L. pp.130-142 (1982).
Transmittal notes:
Chile A/36/594 1982
Chile A/37/564 1983
Chile E/CN.4/1983/9
El Salvador A/36/608 1981
El Salvador A/37/611 1983
El Salvador E/CN.4/1982/4
El Salvador E/CN.4/1984/4
Guatemala E/CN.4/1501 1982
Guatemala E/CN.4/1501/Add.1 1982
Guatemala E/CN.4/1501/Add.2 1982
Guatemala E/CN.4/1983/47
Inter-American Commission on Human Rights
E/CN.4/1982/2
Development notes:
Chile E/CN.4/Sub.2/1982/4
Letter:
Guatemala A/39/414 1984
Guatemala E/CN.4/1985/54
Honduras A/39/885 1985
Note-Verbale:
Guatemala E/CN.4/1985/60
Reports:
Costa Rica E/1984/34/Add.3
Guatemala A/36/705 1982
Guatemala E/CN.4/1501
Training Course on International Human Rights Standards
A/41/464 1986
The SECRETARIAT produces an annual report to the General
Assembly which specifically discusses human rights. It
appears as U.N. GAOR, Supp. (No. 1).
A) The Centre for Human Rights is within the Secretariat. It was formerly known as the Division of Human Rights. Its documents are in the ST/HR/- series. For information on the creation of this entity see the following: Humphry, John P. "Memoirs of John P. Humphry: The First Director of the U.N. Division of Human Rights", 5 Human Rights Quarterly 387-439 (1983) and Humphry, John P. Human Rights & the U.N.: A Great Adventure. Dobbs Ferry: Transnational Publishers, 1984.
Sanders, Douglas. Background Paper on Race Relations in Central
and South America. ST/HR/MANAGUA/1981/BP/2.
UN Action in the Field of Human Rights:
Bolivia ST/HR/2/Rev.2 1985
Chile ST/HR/2/Rev.2 1985
El Salvador ST/HR/2/Rev.2 1985
Guatemala ST/HR/2/Rev.2 1985
Nicaragua ST/HR/2/Rev.2 1985
1) General Assembly Many reports and suggested resolutions of subsidiary U.N. human rights organs appear in the official records of the General Assembly. These are in documentation series GAOR, and A/ .
Draft Resolutions, Human Rights Violations:
El Salvador A/CONF.94/C.2/L.41/Rev.1 1980
Amendments to Draft Resolutions:
Chile A/37/L.60 1983
El Salvador A/37/L.61 1983
Resolutions:
Bolivia A/RES/35/185 1980
Chile A/RES/35/188 1980
Chile A/RES/36/157 1981
Chile A/RES/37/183 1982
Chile A/RES/38/102 1983
Chile A/RES/39/121 1984
Chile A/RES/40/145 1985
Chile A/RES/41/161 1986
Chile A/RES/42/147 1987
Chile A/RES/43/158 1988
El Salvador A/RES/35/192 1980
El Salvador A/RES/36/155 1981
El Salvador A/RES/37/185 1982
El Salvador A/RES/38/101 1983
El Salvador A/RES/39/119 1984
El Salvador A/RES/40/139 1985
El Salvador A/RES/41/157 1986
El Salvador A/RES/42/137 1987
El Salvador A/RES/43/145 1988
Guatemala A/RES/37/184 1982
Guatemala A/RES/37/745 1982
Guatemala A/RES/38/100 1983
Guatemala A/RES/39/120 1984
Guatemala A/RES/40/140 1985
Guatemala A/RES/41/156 1986
Provisional Verbatim Meeting Records:
Chile A/37/PV.110 1983
Chile A/38/PV.100 1983
Chile A/39/PV.101 1984
El Salvador A/37/PV.110 1983
El Salvador A/38/PV.100 1983
El Salvador A/39/PV.101 1984
El Salvador A/40/PV.19 1985
Guatemala A/37/PV.110 1983
Guatemala A/37/PV.26 1983
Guatemala A/38/PV.100 1983
Guatemala A/39/PV.101 1984
Guatemala A/40/PV.21 1985
Peru A/37/PV.6 1983
Note: Situation of Human Rights:
El Salvador A/37/185 1982
El Salvador A/37/611 1982
El Salvador A/40/818 1985
El Salvador A/41/710 1986
El Salvador A/43/736 1988
Guatemala A/37/184 1982
Guatemala A/40/865 1985
Protection of Human Rights in Chile:
A/36/564 1981
A/37/183 1982
A/40/647 1985
A/41/523 1986
A/41/719 1986
A/43/624 1988
Assistance to Refugees, Returnees and Displaced Persons of Central America:
A/RES/42/110 1987
A) The THIRD COMMITTEE (Social, Humanitarian and Cultural) of the General Assembly specifically works with human rights questions itself or through various Working Groups on specific topics. The reports of the Third Committee and its Working Groups are in document series A/C.3/-.
Its annual report appears as an Annex to the GAOR,- series. The Third Committee recommends action on human rights issues to the General Assembly.
Report, 3rd Committee, Human rights violations:
Chile A/34/829 1980
Chile A/35/741 1981
Chile A/36/792 1982
Chile A/37/745 1983
Chile A/38/385/Add.1 1984
Chile A/39/700 1985
Chile A/42/556 1987
El Salvador A/35/741 1981
El Salvador A/37/745 1983
El Salvador A/38/503 1984
El Salvador A/39/700 1985
El Salvador A/42/641 1987
Guatemala A/37/745 1983
Guatemala A/38/485 1984
Guatemala A/39/635,700 1985
Human Rights Violations:
Chile A/C.3/34/12 1980
Chile A/C.3/35/10 1980
Draft Amendments:
Chile A/CN.4/34/L.74 1980
El Salvador A/C.3/37/L82 1983
El Salvador A/C.3/39/L.85 1985
Draft Decisions:
Guatemala A/C.3/36/L.91/Rev.1 1982
Draft Resolutions:
Chile A/C.3/34/L.69 70 1980
Chile A/C.3/35/L.60 61 1981
Chile A/C.3/37/L.53 1983
Chile A/C.3/37/L.68 1983
Chile A/C.3/38/L.63 1984
Chile A/C.3/39/L.79 1985
Chile A/C.3/40/L.81 1986
Chile A/C.3/41/L.99 1987
Chile A/C.3/42/L.88 1988
Chile A/C.3/43/L.81 1988
El Salvador A/C.3/35/L.71 1981
El Salvador A/C.3/35/L.71/Rev.2 1981
El Salvador A/C.3/36/L.62 1982
El Salvador A/C.3/38/L.62 1984
El Salvador A/C.3/39/L.43 1985
El Salvador A/C.3/39/L.43/Rev.1 1985
El Salvador A/C.3/39/L.43/Rev.2 1985
El Salvador A/C.3/39/L.71 1985
El Salvador A/C.3/40/L.54 1985
El Salvador A/C.3/41/L.18 1986
El Salvador A/C.3/41/L.18/Rev.1 1986
El Salvador A/C.3/41/L.49 1986
El Salvador A/C.3/42/L.62 1987
El Salvador A/C.3/43/L.68 1988
Guatemala A/C.3/37/L.75 1983
Guatemala A/C.3/38/L.57 1984
Guatemala A/C.3/39/L.77 1985
Guatemala A/C.3/40/L.59 1985
Guatemala A/C.3/40/L.59/Rev.1 1985
Guatemala A/C.3/40/L.59/Rev.2 1985
Guatemala A/C.3/41/L.57 1986
Guatemala A/C.3/41/L.57/Rev.1 1986
Guatemala A/C.3/41/L.57/Rev.2 1986
Mexico A/C.3/42/L.71 1987
Resolution:
Chile A/RES/41/161 1986
Chile A/RES/42/147 1987
El Salvador A/RES/35/192 1981
El Salvador A/RES/41/157 1986
El Salvador A/RES/42/137 1987
Letter:
Guatemala A/C.3/37/5 1983
Situation of Human Rights in ----:
Chile A/C.3/41/10 1986
Summary Records:
Argentina A/C.3/39/SR.62 1984
Central America
A/C.3/38/SR.62 1983
Chile A/C.3/36/SR.62,63,65,72 1982
Chile A/C.3/37/SR.63,65,66,68-74 1983
Chile A/C.3/38/SR.61-64,66-71 1983
Chile A/C.3/39/SR.54,55,56,59,62,
63,64,65,66 1984
El Salvador A/C.3/37/SR.57 1983
El Salvador A/C.3/37/SR.65,66,68-74 1983
El Salvador A/C.3/38/SR.61-64,67-71 1983
El Salvador A/C.3/39/SR.54,55,58,59,62,
63,64,65,66 1984
Guatemala A/C.3/36/SR.64,68,70,72 1982
Guatemala A/C.3/37/SR.64,69,72,73 1983
Guatemala A/C.3/38/SR.58 1983
Guatemala A/C.3/38/SR.61-71 1983
Guatemala A/C.3/39/SR.54,56,59,61,62,
63,65,66 1984
Honduras A/C.3/38/SR.67 1983
B) The HUMAN RIGHTS COMMITTEE is composed of 18 experts and is empowered to hear disputes in regard to a state's violations of human rights norms brought by other states or by individuals, under the provisions of the Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, if the state has accepted the competence of the Committee to do so. The annual report is in the 40th Supplement to the General Assembly Official Records document series, i.e., A/37/40 is the annual report of the HRC for the 37th session of the General Assembly. It issues reports and recommendations in the A/-, the A/C.3/- and the CCPR/- document series. States make initial reports and periodic reports with supplemental reports as required by the committee. For discussion of the work of the Human Rights Committee, see: Tomuschat, Christian. "Evolving Procedural Rules: The U.N. Human Rights Committee's First Two Years of Dealing with Individual Complaints", 1 Hum. Rts. L.J. 249-257 (1980); Nowak, Manfred. "The Effectiveness of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights - Stocktaking after the First Eleven Sessions of the U.N. Human Rights Committee", 1 Hum. Rts. L.J. 136-170 (1980); Nowak, Manfred. "U.N. Human Rights Committee Survey of Decisions Given Up Till July 1981", 2 Hum. Rts. L.J. 168-172 (1981) and July 1982 at 3 Hum. Rts. L.J. 207-220 (1982) and July 1984 at 5 Hum. Rts. L.J. 199 (1984) and July 1986 at 7 Hum. Rts. L.J. 287 (1986); Fischer, Dana D. "Reporting Under the Covenant on Political and Civil Rights: The First Five Years of the Human Rights Committee", 76 Am. J. Int'l L. pp.142-153 (1982); Jhabvala, Farrokh. "The Practice of the Covenants' Human Rights Committee, 1976-82: Review of State Party Reports". 6 Hum. Rts. Q. 81-106 (1984); Zayas, A. de, et al. "Application of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights Under the Optional Protocol by the Human Rights Committee", 26 Comp. Jur. Rev. 3-106 (1989); Michalska, A. "Interpretation of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights in the light of Reports of the Human Rights Committee", 15 Polish Yrbk. Intl. L. 45-70 (1986).
Reviews of the 7th through 28th sessions of the HRC appear in the following issues of the International Commission of Jurists Review:
25 ICJ Rev. 35-38 (1980)
28 ICJ Rev. 39-48 (1982)
30 ICJ Rev. 39-43 (1983)
31 ICJ Rev. 42-50 (1983)
35 ICJ Rev. 18-27 (1985)
37 ICJ Rev. 25-31 (1986)
43 ICJ Rev. 32-39 (1989)
Annual Reports:
GAOR, 36th Session, Supplement #40, A/36/40
GAOR, 37th Session, Supplement #40, A/37/40
GAOR, 38th Session, Supplement #40, A/38/40
GAOR, 39th Session, Supplement #40, A/39/40
GAOR, 40th Session, Supplement #40, A/40/40
GAOR, 41th Session, Supplement #40, A/41/40
GAOR, 42th Session, Supplement #40, A/42/40
GAOR, 43th Session, Supplement #40, A/43/40
GAOR, 44th Session, Supplement #40, A/44/40
Human rights violations:
Chile A/34/40 1980
El Salvador A/39/636 1985
Guatemala A/39/635 1985
Reports submitted by states under Article 40 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights are in the CCPR/C/- document series. States submit initial reports and follow-up reports with supplemental reports as requested by the HRC.
Reports:
Chile 1984
Chile 1984
Chile 1986
Colombia 1980
Costa Rica 1980
Ecuador CCPR/C/28/Add 8 14 Nov 1985
El Salvador 1984
El Salvador CCPR/C/14/Add 7 17 Oct 1986
El Salvador 1987
Guyana 1982
Nicaragua 1983
Nicaragua CCPR/C/14/Add.2;Add.3 1985
Panama CCPR/C/4/Add 8 30 Jan 1984
Panama CCPR/C/4/Add 8/Rev. 1 17 May 1984
Panama CCPR/C/4/Add 9 5 Feb 1985
Peru 1983
Suriname 1980
Venezuela 1980
Venezuela 1985
Meeting Records:
Chile CCPR/C/SR.523 12 Jul 1984
Chile CCPR/C/SR.548 24 Oct 1984
Suriname CCPR/C/SR.223,224,227 1980
Uruguay CCPR/C/SR.479 7 Dec 1983
Uruguay CCPR/C/SR.599 12 Apr 1985
Uruguay CCPR/C/SR.605 11 Jul 1985
Venezuela CCPR/C/SR.557 30 Oct 1984
Final Views Under the Optional Protocol: (At least the
following decisions and final views have been rendered
by the HRC)
Colombia:
de Montego R.15/64
de Guerro R.11/45
Camargo R.11/45
Suriname:
Baboeram, et al. #146/1983
#148-154/1983
Uruguay:
Torres R.1/4
Millan R.1/6
Garcia R.2/8
Grille R.2/11
Bleier R.7/30
Landinelli R.8/34
Burgos R.12/52
Celiberti R.13/56
R.13/57
Schweizer #66/1980
Estrella #74/1980
Lichtensztein #77/1980
Vasilskis #80/1980
Machado #83/1981
Barbato #84/1981
Romero #85/1981
Bequio #88/1981
Nieto #92/1981
Scarrone #103/1981
Cabreira #105/1981
Montero #106/1981
Almeida #107/1981
Nunez #108/1981
de Voituret #109/1981
Acosta #110/1981
Lluberaq #123/1982
Conteris #139/1983
Gilboa #147/1983
Venezuela:
Solorzano #156/1983
C) The COMMITTEE ON THE ELIMINATION OF RACIAL DISCRIMINATION is an 18 member body of experts which produces reports and rulings interpreting the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination. Its reports to the General Assembly are in the A/- and AN/C.3/- series. It also publishes in the CERD/- series, with reviews of state reports on the Convention in the CERD/C- document series. The Provisional Rules of Procedure of the Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination are published as a Supplement to the GAOR,- document series. For a discussion of the right of individual petition to the CERD see, "Individual Petitions under the Convention on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination", 32 ICJ Rev. 40-43 (1984) and Mahalic and Mahalic, "The Limitation Provisions of the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination", 9 Hum. Rts. Q. 74-101 (1987).
Convention Reports:
Argentina CERD/C/118/Add 1 24 Feb 1984
Argentina CERD/C/118/Add 16 27 Sep 1984
Argentina CERD/C/149/Add 1 9 Jan 1986
Bolivia CERD/C/107/Add 5 13 Apr 1984
Brazil CERD/C/118/Add 33 12 May 1986
Chile CERD/C/117/Add 3 25 Jan 1985
Colombia CERD/C/112/Add 1 20 Nov 1984
Colombia CERD/C/143/Add.1 (1988?)
Costa Rica CERD/C/118/Add 31 19 Dec 1985
Guatemala CERD/C/111/Add 2 23 Feb 1984
Mexico CERD/C/115/Add 1 22 Jun 1984
Nicaragua CERD/C/128/Add 1 28 Jan 1985
Panama CERD/C/118/Add 25 30 Apr 1985
Panama CERD/C/118/Add 25 Rev.1 16 Jul 1985
Panama CERD/C/149/Add 4 4 Jun 1986
Peru CERD/C/117/Add 7 18 Jul 1985
Venezuela CERD/C/118/Add 24 27 Feb 1985
In addition to the published reports cited above, the CERD has heard reports from the following Latin American countries in the year indicated.
Argentina 1980, 1982
Brazil 1980, 1983
Chile 1981, 1983
Costa Rica 1981, 1982
Ecuador 1982
Mexico 1980, 1982
Nicaragua 1981, 1983
Panama 1982
Peru 1980
Uruguay 1981, 1982
Venezuela 1980, 1981, 1983
A report on the Regional Seminar on Racial Discrimination
in Latin America was heard by the committee in 1982.
Provisional Summary Record 686th meeting, 30th session:
Ecuador CERD/C/SR.701 1985
Guatemala CERD/C/SR.686
D) The UNITED NATIONS HIGH COMMISSIONER FOR REFUGEES, UNHCR, produces various reports which appear in the GAOR, A/-series as well as in the HCR/- document series. It also publishes several periodicals. The annual report is a Supplement to the GAOR. The Executive Committee report is also in the GAOR Supplement series as an addendum. The record of the Executive Committee and meeting records appear in A/AC.96/-. During the general debate in 1985, Honduras, Nicaragua, Guatemala and Mexico spoke on refugees in Latin America. Information on refugees in Chile, Nicaragua, El Salvador, Mexico and the Americas in general originally appeared in appendices in U.N. Doc. E/CN.4/1503. This report was withdrawn and reissued without the appendices. The appendicies are available in a special issue of Transnational Perspectives entitled "Human Rights, War and Mass Exoduses".
2) The Economic and Social Council
The Economic and Social Council, ECOSOC, produces documents alone and in consultation with other inter-governmental organizations. Documents produced with other inter-governmental agencies are in the E/- series. The annual report to the U.N. General Assembly appears as a Supplement to GAOR. Its own documents are in the U.N. ESCOR series in a Supplement.
Report of the Economic and Social Council:
Bolivia A/37/3(Part 1) 1982
Bolivia A/39/3(Part 1) 1984
Chile A/35/3/Rev.1 1980
Chile A/36/3/Add.23(Part 1) 1981
Chile A/37/3(Part 1) 1982
Chile A/38/7/Add.15 1983
Chile A/38/680 1983
Chile A/39/3(Part 1) 1984
Chile A/39/631
El Salvador A/36/3/Add.23(Part 1) 1981
El Salvador A/37/3(Part 1) 1982
El Salvador A/38/680 1983
El Salvador A/39/3(Part 1) 1984
Guatemala A/38/680 1983
Guatemala A/39/3(Part 1) 1984
Report of the ESC on Draft Resolutions:
El Salvador A/C.3/39/L.83 1985
El Salvador A/C.3/39/L.84 1985
Report of the ESC, 2nd Committee:
Argentina E/1985/95
Bolivia E/1982/59
Bolivia E/1984/91
Chile E/1982/59
Chile E/1984/91
Chile E/1985/95
El Salvador E/1982/59
El Salvador E/1984/91
El Salvador E/1985/95
Guatemala E/1982/59
Guatemala E/1984/91
Guatemala E/1985/95
Decisions:
Argentina E/DEC/1985/156
Bolivia ESC dec. 1982/137 in E/1982/INF. 7
Chile ESC dec. 1981/138 in E/1981/81
Chile ESC dec. 1982/132 in E/1982/INF. 7
Chile E/DEC/1984/140
Chile E/DEC/1985/150
Chile E/DEC/1986/143
Chile E/DEC/1987/152
Chile E/DEC/1988/140
El Salvador ESC dec. 1982/134
El Salvador E/DEC/1984/136
El Salvador E/DEC/1985/145
El Salvador E/DEC/1986/135
El Salvador E/DEC/1987/148
El Salvador E/DEC/1988/135
Guatemala ESC dec. 1982/135 in E/1982/INF. 7
Guatemala E/DEC/1984/137
Guatemala E/DEC/1985/146
Guatemala E/DEC/1986/140
Guatemala E/DEC/1987/149
Draft Decision:
Argentina E/1985/C.2/L.9
Human Rights Violations:
Chile E/1980/51
El Salvador E/1983/61
Guatemala E/1983/61
Provisional Summary Record of the 15th Meeting, 1st session:
Bolivia E/1983/SR.15
Chile E/1983/SR.15
Guatemala E/1983/SR.15
Reports on articles of the International Covenant on Economic,
Social and Cultural Rights are in the E/series:
Articles 6 to 9;
Panama E/1984/6/Add.19 26 Oct 1987
Articles 10 to 12;
Chile E/1986/4/Add.18 3 Jun 1987
Chile E/1986/3/Add.40 24 Jun 1987
Panama E/1986/4/Add.22 26 Oct 1987
Articles 13 to 15;
Chile E/1986/3/Add.40 24 Jun 1987
Resolutions:
Bolivia E/RES/1984/32
National institutions for the promotion and protection of
Human Rights:
Costa Rica A/39/556 1984
El Salvador A/39/556 1984
Suriname A/39/556 1984
Regional Arrangements for the Promotion and Protection of
Human Rights:
America A/38/480 1984
A) The COMMISSION ON HUMAN RIGHTS, of the ECOSOC is an important organ in the U.N. human rights system. It has 43 expert members. Its publications are in the E/CN.4/- series, with occasional materials appearing in the A/40/- series. It produces reports, resolutions and decisions. Meetings may be in closed or open sessions. Closed session activities are confidential unless the CHR decides to make them public. The following articles discuss the Commission: Kramer, David and Weissbrodt, David. "The 1980 U.N. Commission on Human Rights and the Disappeared", 3 Hum. Rts. Q. 18-33 (1981); Bossuyt, Marc J. "The Development of Special Procedures of the U.N. Commission on Human Rights", 6 Hum. Rts. L.J. 179-210 (1985); Tolley, Howard, Jr. "Decision Making at the U.N. Commission on Human Rights, 1979-82", 5 Hum. Rts. Q. 27-57 (1983); Tolley, Howard, Jr. "The Concealed Crack in the Citadel: The U.N. Commission on Human Rights Response to Confidential Communications", 6 Hum. Rts. Q. 420-462 (1984); Weissbrodt, D. "Country-related and Thematic Developments at the 1988 Session of the UN Commission on Human Rights", 10 Hum. Rts. Q. 544-558 (1988); Brody, Reed and Weissbrodt, David. "Major Developments at the 1989 Session of the U.N. Commission on Human Rights", 11 Hum. Rts. Q. 586-611 (1989). The following book is on the Commission: Tolley, Howard. The United Nations Commission on Human Rights. Boulder: Westview Press, 1987.
The activities of the Commission have been reviewed annually in the International Commission of Jurists Review:
36th session 24 Intl. Comm. Jur. Rev. 29-36 (1980)
37th session 26 Intl. Comm. Jur. Rev. 40-48 (1981)
38th session 28 Intl. Comm. Jur. Rev. 33-38 (1982)
39th session 30 Intl. Comm. Jur. Rev. 31-38 (1983)
40th session 32 Intl. Comm. Jur. Rev. 33-40 (1984)
41th session 34 Intl. Comm. Jur. Rev. 28-36 (1985)
42th session 36 Intl. Comm. Jur. Rev. 21-29 (1986)
43th session 38 Intl. Comm. Jur. Rev. 22-26 (1987)
44th session 40 Intl. Comm. Jur. Rev. 18-25 (1988)
45th session 42 Intl. Comm. Jur. Rev. 20-32 (1989)
Report:
Bolivia E/1982/12 38th Session
Bolivia E/DEC/1983/146 39th Session
Bolivia E/1984/14 40th Session
Chile E/1980/13 36th Session
Chile E/1981/25 37th Session
Chile E/1982/12 38th Session
Chile E/DEC/1983/149 39th Session
Chile E/1984/14 40th Session
El Salvador E/1981/25 37th Session
El Salvador E/1982/12 38th Session
El Salvador E/DEC/1983/144 39th Session
El Salvador E/1984/14 40th Session
Guatemala E/1980/13 36th Session
Guatemala E/1981/25 37th Session
Guatemala E/1982/12 38th Session
Guatemala E/DEC/1983/148 39th Session
Guatemala E/1984/14 40th Session
Draft Report:
Bolivia E/CN.4/1983/L.9/Add.18
Bolivia E/CN.4/1984/L.11/Add.5,Add.6
Chile E/CN.4/1983/L.9/Add.13
Chile E/CN.4/1983/L.10/Add.4
Chile E/CN.4/1984/L.10/Add.14
Chile E/CN.4/1984/L.11/Add.9
Chile E/CN.4/1985/L.10/Add.15
El Salvador E/CN.4/1983/L.9/Add.18
El Salvador E/CN.4/1984/L.11/Add.8
El Salvador E/CN.4/1985/L.10/Add.10
Guatemala E/CN.4/1983/L.9/Add.18
Guatemala E/CN.4/1984/L.11/Add.8
Guatemala E/CN.4/1985/L.10/Add.10
Paraguay E/CN.4/1984/L.10/Add.15
Advisory Services:
Bolivia E/CN.4/1984/46
Uruguay E/CN.4/1982/SR.49 51
Human rights violations:
Bolivia E/CN.4/1500 1982
Bolivia E/CN.4/1500/Add.1 1982
Guatemala E/CN.4/1348/Rev.1 1980
Guatemala E/CN.4/1387 1980
Guatemala E/CN.4/1399 1980
Nicaragua E/CN.4/1372 1980
Letter:
Bolivia E/CN.4/1983/22/Add.1
Chile E/CN.4/1984/20
Guatemala E/CN.4/1985/63
Suriname E/CN.4/1983/55
Note:
Guatemala E/CN.4/1983/59
Guatemala E/CN.4/1983/61
Guatemala E/CN.4/1988/60
Note Verbale:
Chile E/CN.4/1984/24
Guatemala E/CN.4/1985/58
Honduras E/CN.4/1984/63
Nicaragua E/CN.4/1984/63
Draft resolution:
Bolivia E/CN.4/1982/L.58
Bolivia E/CN.4/1983/L.69
(see also E/CN.4/1983/L.81)
Bolivia E/CN.4/1984/L.51
Bolivia E/CN.4/1984/L.51/Rev.1
Bolivia E/CN.4/1984/L.52
Bolivia E/CN.4/1984/L.52/Rev.1
Bolivia E/CN.4/1984/L.52/Rev.2
Bolivia E/CN.4/1985/L.50
Bolivia E/CN.4/1985/L.50/Rev.1
Chile E/CN.4/L.1486/Rev.1 (1980)
Chile E/CN.4/1982/L.37
Chile E/CN.4/1983/L.49
(see also E/CN.4/1983/L.54)
Chile E/CN.4/1983/L.49/Rev.1
Chile E/CN.4/1984/L.87
Chile E/CN.4/1984/L.94
Chile E/CN.4/1985/L.49
Chile E/CN.4/1986/L.23
(see also E/CN.4/1986/L.3)
Chile E/CN.4/1986/L.60
Chile E/CN.4/1986/L.60/Rev.1
Chile E/CN.4/1986/L.77
Chile E/CN.4/1986/L.77/Rev.1
Chile E/CN.4/1986/L.92
Chile E/CN.4/1987/L.89
Chile E/CN.4/1987/L.90
Chile E/CN.4/1988/L.47
Chile E/CN.4/1988/L.47/Rev.1
Chile E/CN.4/1989/L.60
El Salvador E/CN.4/1989/L.11/Add.4
El Salvador E/CN.4/1982/L.49
El Salvador E/CN.4/1983/L.18
(see also E/CN.4/1983/L.53)
El Salvador E/CN.4/1983/L.18/Rev.1
El Salvador E/CN.4/1983/L.48
El Salvador E/CN.4/1984/L.86
El Salvador E/CN.4/1985/L.12
El Salvador E/CN.4/1987/L.54
El Salvador E/CN.4/1987/L.54/Rev.1
El Salvador E/CN.4/1987/L.76
El Salvador E/CN.4/1988/L.24
(see also E/CN.4/1988/L.99)
El Salvador E/CN.4/1989/L.86
El Salvador E/CN.4/1989/L.97
Guatemala E/CN.4/L.1535 1980
Guatemala E/CN.4/1982/L.56
Guatemala E/CN.4/1983/L.79
(see also E/CN.4/1983/L.93)
Guatemala E/CN.4/1983/L.79/Rev.1
Guatemala E/CN.4/1985/L.90
Guatemala E/CN.4/1987/L.33
Guatemala E/CN.4/1987/L.33/Rev.1
Guatemala E/CN.4/1987/L.36
Guatemala E/CN.4/1987/L.95
Guatemala E/CN.4/1988/L.40
Guatemala E/CN.4/1989/L.91
Amendments to Draft Resolutions:
Guatemala E/CN.4/1985/L.91
Paraguay E/CN.4/1984/L.69
Resolutions:
Bolivia E/CN.4/RES/1982/25
Bolivia E/CN.4/RES/1982/33
Bolivia E/CN.4/RES/1983/33
Bolivia E/CN.4/RES/1984/43
Bolivia E/CN.4/RES/1985/34
Central America E/CN.4/RES/1984/34
Chile E/CN.4/RES/1982/25
Chile E/CN.4/RES/1982/26
Chile E/CN.4/RES/1983/38
Chile E/CN.4/RES/1984/63
Chile E/CN.4/RES/1985/47
Chile E/CN.4/RES/1986/63
Chile E/CN.4/RES/1987/60
Chile E/CN.4/RES/1988/78
El Salvador E/CN.4/RES/1982/27
El Salvador E/CN.4/RES/1982/28
El Salvador E/CN.4/RES/1983/29
El Salvador E/CN.4/RES/1984/52
El Salvador E/CN.4/RES/1985/35
El Salvador E/CN.4/RES/1986/39
El Salvador E/CN.4/RES/1987/51
El Salvador E/CN.4/RES/1988/65
Guatemala E/CN.4/RES/1982/28
Guatemala E/CN.4/RES/1982/31
Guatemala E/CN.4/RES/1983/37
(see also E/1983/L.26)
Guatemala E/CN.4/RES/1984/53
Guatemala E/CN.4/RES/1985/36
Guatemala E/CN.4/RES/1987/53
Guatemala E/CN.4/RES/1987/60
Guatemala E/CN.4/RES/1988/50
Guatemala E/CN.4/RES/1989/74
Paraguay E/CN.4/RES/1984/46
Report of the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights
1980-1981 (E/CN.4/1982/2).
Contains reports on the following,
American Convention on Human Rights;
Brazil;
Ecuador;
Honduras;
Uruguay;
Venezuela.
Reports of the Special Rapporteurs:
Study of the Special Envoy on the Situation of Human
Rights in Bolivia. (E/CN.4/1983/22).
Informe Preliminar Sobre la Situacion de los Derechos
Humanos en Chile (A/40/647).
Question of Human Rights in Chile. (E/CN.4/1984/7).
Cuestion de los Derechos Humanos en Chile. Informe Finale
(E/CN.4/1986/2).
Informe sobre la Cuestion de los Derechos Humanos en Chile.
(E/CN.4/1987/7).
Report on the Question of Human Rights in Chile.
(E/CN.4/1989/7).
Final Report on the Situation of Human Rights in El
Salvador. (E/CN.4/1983/20).
Final Report on the Situation of Human Rights in El
Salvador. (E/CN.4/1984/25).
Final Report on the Situation of Human Rights in El
Salvador. (E/CN.4/1985/18).
Informe Definitivo a la Comision de Derechos Humanos
sobre la Situacion de los Derechos Humanos en El Salvador
. . (E/CN.4/1986/22)
Informe Final sobre la Situacion de los Derechos Humanos
en El Salvador. (E/CN.4/1987/21).
Final Report to the Commission on Human Rights on the
Situation of Human Rights in El Salvador. (E/CN.4/1988/23).
Final Report to the Commission on Human Rights on the
Situation of Human Rights in El Salvador. (E/CN.4/1989/23).
The Situation of Human Rights in Guatemala:
(E/CN.4/1983/L.86).
Report on the Situation of Human Rights in Guatemala.
(E/CN.4/1984/30).
Report on the Situation of Human Rights in Guatemala.
(E/CN.4/1985/19).
Informe Sobre la Situacion de los Derechos Humanos en
Guatemala (E/CN.4/1986/23).
Informe del Representante Especial, Vizconde Colville de
Culross, sobre Guatemala. (E/CN.4/1987/24).
Report on Guatemala. (E/CN.4/1989/39).
Informe del Grupo de Trabajo sobre las Desapariciones
Forzadas o Involuntarias. (E/CN.4/1987/15/Add.1).
Special Rapporteur:
Chile E/CN.4/1362 1980
Mass Exoduses:
Mexico E/CN.4/1503/Add.11
Special Representative on El Salvador:
El Salvador E/CN.4/1502 1982
Summary or Arbitrary Executions:
E/CN.4/1984/29
E/CN.4/1986/21
E/CN.4/1987/20
Missing and Disappeared Persons in Chile:
Report E/CN.4/1363 1980
Case Reports E/CN.4/1381 1980
Reports on Apartheid
Ecuador E/CN.4/1986/29/Add. 3 20 Dec 1985
Mexico E/CN.4/1987/26/Add. 14 18 Nov 1986
Peru E/CN.4/1986/29/Add. 1 20 Dec 1985
Suriname E/CN.4/1986/29/Add. 2 20 Dec 1985
Summary Record of the -- Meeting:
Argentina E/CN.4/1982/SR.44
Argentina E/CN.4/1983/SR.41
Argentina E/CN.4/1984/SR.29,35
Bolivia E/CN.4/1983/SR.40/Add.1
Bolivia E/CN.4/1983/SR.41,44,51
Bolivia E/CN.4/1983/SR.52/Add.1 HR Adv.
Bolivia E/CN.4/1984/SR.28/Add.1 HR Edu.
Bolivia E/CN.4/1984/SR.52
Central America
E/CN.4/1984/SR.21,22 HR Vio.
E/CN.4/1984/SR.44,53,54
Chile E/CN.4/1983/SR.41,48
Chile E/CN.4/1983/SR.48/Add.1
Chile E/CN.4/1983/SR.52/Add.1
Chile E/CN.4/1984/SR.55,56,62
Colombia E/CN.4/1983/SR.41
Colombia E/CN.4/1985/SR.29
El Salvador E/CN.4/1983/SR.40/Add.1
El Salvador E/CN.4/1983/SR.41,43,44
El Salvador E/CN.4/1983/SR.44/Add.1
El Salvador E/CN.4/1983/SR.48,51,52
El Salvador E/CN.4/1983/SR.52/Add.1
El Salvador E/CN.4/1984/SR.42,43,45,47,58
El Salvador E/CN.4/1985/SR.49
Guatemala E/CN.4/1982/SR.51/Add.1
Guatemala E/CN.4/1982/SR.53,55,59
Guatemala E/CN.4/1983/SR.42,44,52
Guatemala E/CN.4/1983/SR.52/Add.1
Guatemala E/CN.4/1984/SR.42,43,44,45,47,58
Honduras E/CN.4/1984/SR.54
Nicaragua E/CN.4/1984/SR.54
Paraguay E/CN.4/1982/SR.48,49
Paraguay E/CN.4/1983/SR.37,38
Paraguay E/CN.4/1984/SR.39,40,50,52,56
Peru E/CN.4/1983/SR.42
Peru E/CN.4/1985/SR.29
Suriname E/CN.4/1983/SR.41
Uruguay E/CN.4/1983/SR.38
Uruguay E/CN.4/1983/SR.38/Add.1
Uruguay E/CN.4/1984/SR.40,41,44
Venezuela E/CN.4/1982/SR.51
Question of Human Rights in -----:
Chile E/CN.4/1983/NGO/36
Chile E/CN.4/1985/NGO/3,5,11,19,32,35,39,
41,42,51
Chile E/CN.4/1986/NGO/23,33,37,38,43,45,
47,49
Chile E/CN.4/1987/NGO/9,16,18,21,40,56,60
Chile E/CN.4/1988/NGO/7,9,29,44
Chile E/CN.4/1989/NGO/9,20,29,45,58,60,65
Question of the Violation of Human Rights and Fundamental
Freedoms...:
Chile E/CN.4/1984/NGO/8,12,43,47
Chile E/CN.4/1985/NGO/43
CHile E/CN.4/1986/NGO/8
El Salvador E/CN.4/1983/NGO/9,46
El Salvador E/CN.4/1984/NGO/38,49,52
El Salvador E/CN.4/1985/NGO/38
Guatemala E/CN.4/1983/NGO/8,12,13
Guatemala E/CN.4/1984/NGO/3,38,51,52
Guatemala E/CN.4/1985/NGO/15,20,45,54
Right of Self-Determination . . .:
Guatemala E/CN.4/1985/NGO/16
Nicaragua E/CN.4/1984/NGO/18
U.N. Trust Fund for Chile: (This was renamed as the U.N. Voluntary Fund for Victims of Torture in 1982, see, Donelius, Hans. "The U.N. Fund for Torture Victims: The First Years of Activity", 37 ICJ Rev. 35-42 (1986)).
E/CN.4/1364 1981
Written Statement:
Chile E/CN.4/1983/NGO/25,32,52
Chile E/CN.4/1987/NGO/29
El Salvador E/CN.4/1983/NGO/15
Guatemala E/CN.4/1983/NGO/14,30,38
Guatemala E/CN.4/1985/NGO/21
Nicaragua E/CN.4/1983/NGO/47
1. The Sub-Commission on Prevention of Discrimination and Protection of Minorities consists of 26 members and is under the supervision of the Commission. Its records usually appear in the E/CN.4/Sub.2/year/xx series. The following articles discuss the work of the Sub-Commission: Hannum, H. "Human Rights and the United Nations: Progress at the 1980 Session of the U.N. Sub-Commission on Prevention of Discrimination and Protection of Minorities", 3 Human Rights Q. 1 (1981); "Current Developments Note", 75 Am. J. Int'l L. 172 (1981).; Gardiniers, T., Hannum, H. and Kruger, J. "The 1981 Session of the UN Sub-Commission on Prevention of Discrimination and Protection of Minorities", 76 Am. J. Int'l. L. pp.405-418 (1982): Hantke, J. "The 1982 Session of the UN Sub-Commission on Prevention of Discrimination and Protection of Minorities", 77 Am. J. Int'l. L 651 (1983); Gardiniers, "The U.N. Sub-commission on Prevention of Discrimination and Protection of Minorities: Recent Developments", 4 Human Rights Q. 353 (1982); Garber, L. and O'Connor, C.M. "The 1984 UN Sub-Commission on Prevention of Discrimination and Protection of Minorities", 79 Am. J. Int'l L. 168 (1985); Rosen, S. and Weissbrodt, D. "The 39th Session of the UN Sub-Commission on Prevention of Discrimination and Protection of Minorities", 10 Hum. Rts. Q. 487-508 (1988); and, Brennan, K., Brody,R. and Weissbrodt, D. "40th Session of the U.N. Sub-Commission on Prevention of Discrimination and Protection of Minorities", 11 Hum. Rts. Q. 295-324 (1989). The following Latin American states have been of special concern to the Sub-Commission: Bolivia, Chile, El Salvador and Guatemala.
Annual reviews of the activities of the Sub-Commission have appeared in the International Commission of Jurists Review:
33rd session 25 Intl. Comm. Jur. Rev. 26-33 (1980)
34th session 27 Intl. Comm. Jur. Rev. 26-33 (1981)
35th session 29 Intl. Comm. Jur. Rev. 26-33 (1982)
36th session 31 Intl. Comm. Jur. Rev. 26-33 (1983)
37th session 33 Intl. Comm. Jur. Rev. 26-33 (1985)
38th session 35 Intl. Comm. Jur. Rev. 26-33 (1985)
39th session 39 Intl. Comm. Jur. Rev. 26-33 (1987)
41st session 43 Intl. Comm. Jur. Rev. 19-32 (1989)
40th session 11 Hum.Rts. Q. 295-324 (1989)
Report:
Chile E/CN.4/1984/3 36th Session
El Salvador E/CN.4/1984/3 36th Session
Guatemala E/CN.4/1983/3 36th Session
Uruguay E/CN.4/1984/3 36th Session
Fact-Finding Missions:
El Salvador E/CN.4/Sub.2/1982/SR.33
Question of the Violation of Human Rights and Fundamental
Freedoms:
El Salvador E/CN.4/Sub.2/1983/10
Guatemala E/CN.4/Sub.2/1983/7
Administration of Justice and Human Rights of Detainees:
Bolivia E/CN.4/Sub.2/1984/12
Letter
Guatemala E/CN.4/Sub.2/1985/42
Guatemala E/CN.4/Sub.2/1985/51
Paraguay E/CN.4/Sub.2/1985/55
Uruguay E/CN.4/Sub.2/1983/42
Note Verbale:
El Salvador E/CN.4/Sub.2/1982/37 1983
Uruguay E/CN.4/Sub.2/480 1981
Review of Developments:
Chile E/CN.4/Sub.2/439 1980
Chile E/CN.4/Sub.2/463 1981
Chile E/CN.4/Sub.2/1982/4
Summary Record of the (xx) Meeting:
Argentina E/CN.4/Sub.2/SR.915 1982
Argentina E/CN.4/Sub.2/1988/SR.22
Chile E/CN.4/Sub.2/SR.915 1982
Chile E/CN.4/Sub.2/1982/SR.35
Chile E/CN.4/Sub.2/1983/SR.29,30
Colombia E/CN.4/Sub.2/1983/SR.29
El Salvador E/CN.4/Sub.2/SR.915 1982
El Salvador E/CN.4/Sub.2/1982/SR.35
El Salvador E/CN.4/Sub.2/1983/SR.11
El Salvador E/CN.4/Sub.2/1983/SR.30
Guatemala E/CN.4/Sub.2/1982/SR.33
Guatemala E/CN.4/Sub.2/1983/SR.30
Guatemala E/CN.4/Sub.2/1984/SR.17,29
Honduras E/CN.4/Sub.2/1983/SR.21
Paraguay E/CN.4/Sub.2/1984/SR.29
Suriname E/CN.4/Sub.2/1983/SR.21
Suriname E/CN.4/Sub.2/1984/SR.29
Uruguay E/CN.4/Sub.2/SR.915 1982
Uruguay E/CN.4/Sub.2/1984/SR.17,29
Encouragement of the Universal Acceptance of Human Rights
Instruments:
El Salvador E/CN.4/Sub.2/1983/33
Suriname E/CN.4/Sub.2/1983/34
Review of Further Developments...:
Argentina E/CN.4/Sub.2/AC.4/1983/2/Add.1
Chile E/CN.4/Sub.2/1984/4
Ecuador E/CN.4/Sub.2/AC.4/1983/2/Add.1
Guatemala E/CN.4/Sub.2/AC.4/1984/4/Add.2
Honduras E/CN.4/Sub.2/AC.4/1983/2/Add.1
Honduras E/CN.4/Sub.2/AC.4/1984/2/Add.1
Mexico E/CN.4/Sub.2/AC.4/1983/2/Add.1
Draft Resolutions:
Chile E/CN.4/Sub.2/1985/L.48
Chile E/CN.4/Sub.2/1987/L.39
Chile E/CN.4/Sub.2/1987/L.62
Chile E/CN.4/Sub.2/1988/L.44
El Salvador E/CN.4/Sub.2/1982/L.2
El Salvador E/CN.4/Sub.2/1982/L.49
El Salvador E/CN.4/Sub.2/1984/L.30
El Salvador E/CN.4/Sub.2/1985/L.40
El Salvador E/CN.4/Sub.2/1985/L.54
El Salvador E/CN.4/Sub.2/1987/L.37
El Salvador E/CN.4/Sub.2/1987/L.63
El Salvador E/CN.4/Sub.2/1988/L.29
Guatemala E/CN.4/Sub.2/1982/L.7
Guatemala E/CN.4/Sub.2/1982/L.56
Guatemala E/CN.4/Sub.2/1984/L.27
Guatemala E/CN.4/Sub.2/1985/L.60
Guatemala E/CN.4/Sub.2/1985/L.63
Guatemala E/CN.4/Sub.2/1987/L.36
Guatemala E/CN.4/Sub.2/1987/L.64
Uruguay E/CN.4/Sub.2/1984/L.17
Resolutions:
Chile E/CN.4/Sub.2/RES/1982/19
Chile E/CN.4/Sub.2/RES/1984/29
also E/CN.4/Sub.2/1984/CRP.2/Add.1
Chile E/CN.4/Sub.2/RES/1987/18
Chile E/CN.4/Sub.2/RES/1983/19
Chile E/CN.4/Sub.2/RES/1987/20
Chile E/CN.4/Sub.2/RES/1988/16
El Salvador E/CN.4/Sub.2/RES/1981/10
El Salvador E/CN.4/Sub.2/RES/1982/26
El Salvador E/CN.4/Sub.2/RES/1983/19
El Salvador E/CN.4/Sub.2/RES/1984/26
El Salvador E/CN.4/Sub.2/RES/1987/18
El Salvador E/CN.4/Sub.2/RES/1988/13
Guatemala E/CN.4/Sub.2/RES/1982/17
Guatemala E/CN.4/Sub.2/RES/1983/12
Guatemala E/CN.4/Sub.2/RES/1984/4
also E/CN.4/Sub.2/1984/CRP.2/Add.1
Guatemala E/CN.4/Sub.2/RES/1988/14
Paraguay E/CN.4/Sub.2/RES/1983/28
Paraguay E/CN.4/Sub.2/RES/1984/9
Uruguay E/CN.4/Sub.2/RES/1983/3
Uruguay E/CN.4/Sub.2/RES/1984/27
also E/CN.4/Sub.2/1984/CRP.2/Add.1
a) 1503 Actions. The Sub-Commission and the Commission, through the Working Group on Communications, hears petitions in regard to "gross violations" of human rights under the Economic and Social Council's Resolution 1503, 48 UNESCOR, Supp. (No.1A) 8, U.N. Doc. E/4832/Add.1(1970). All reports will be in the E/CN.4/- and the E/CN.4/Sub.2/AC.1- series. These are not generally available. Discussion of violations under 1503 are usually confidential. Confidential procedures have been held for the following states during the years indicated:
Argentina 1980-1984
Bolivia 1980-1981
Brazil 1981
Chile 1981
El Salvador 1981
Guatemala 1981 and 1988
Paraguay 1980-1989
Uruguay 1980-1984
Venezuela 1982-1983
REPORTS:
Bolivia 1981
El Salvador 1984 and 1986
Guatemala 1984 and 1986
RESOLUTIONS:
Bolivia Res 23(XXXIII) (1980)
El Salvador Res 10(XXXIV) (1981)
El Salvador E/CN.4/Sub.2/1989/L.37
Guatemala E/CN.4/Sub.2/1989/L.38/Rev.1
Report on Derogation in Times of Emergency:
E/CN.4/Sub.2/490 (1981)
Discussion of a state's human rights practices under 1503 has been considered to preclude public discussion in other sessions of the Sub-Commission. There is some belief that this practice has worked to the advantage of the violating states and has prevented effective discussion of these issues. This has reached into the activities of the Sub-Commission under Res. 1235 and Res. 8.
b) 1235 Actions. The Sub-Commission and the Commission also perform the same function in regard to Economic and Social Council Resolution 1235, 42 U.N. ESCOR, Supp. (No. 1) 17, U.N. Doc. E/4393(1967). Any reports on these activities will be in the E/CN.4/- and the E/CN.4/Sub.2- series. Public debates are allowable under 1235 actions but they have been infrequent due to the inhibitory interpretation of the interaction between 1503 actions and 1235 actions.
Under CHR Res.8(XXIII) U.N. Doc. E/CN.4/940 at 131 (1967), the Sub-Commission has the responsibility of bringing any consistent pattern of human rights abuses to the attention of the CHR. It has not done so, and the 1235 actions have also not been effective in focusing attention on such abuses. See, Working Paper by Mr. Theo van Boven and Mr. Asbjorn Eide. U.N. Doc. E/CN.4/Sub.2/1989/47 and E/CN.4/Sub.2/1988/43.
c) The Sub-Commission has several Ad-Hoc Working Groups. An article which discusses several of these is Weissbrodt, D. "The Three "Theme" Special Rapporteurs of the UN Commission on Human Rights", 80 Am. J. Int'l L. 685 (1986). Those of interest to Latin America are: The Working Group on Indigenous Populations (see, Barsh, R.L. "Indigenous Peoples: An Emerging Object of International Law", 80 Am. J. Int'l. L. 369 (1986); and, Sanders, D. "The UN Working Group on Indigenous Populations", 11 Hum. Rts. Q. 406-433 (1989)); the Working Group on Enforced or Involuntary Disappearances (see, Rodley, Nigel S. "U.N. Action Procedures Against 'Disappearances', Summary or Arbitrary Execution, and Torture", 8 Hum. Rts. Q. 700-730 (1986); and the Working Group of Experts on Chile. Their reports will generally be in the E/CN.4/- series. Those of the Working Group on Chile often appear in the A/C.3/- series of the Third Committee of the General Assembly. The Sub-Commission also establishes Special Rapporteurs to prepare reports on issues of interest.
Working Group on Enforced or Involuntary Disappearances:
Report E/CN.4/1435 (1981) and Add.1
E/CN.4/1492 (1981) and Add.1
E/CN.4/1983/14
E/CN.4/1984/21 and Add.1 and Add.2
E/CN.4/1985/15 and Add.1
E/CN.4/1986/18 and Add.1
E/CN.4/1987/15 and Add.1 and Corr.1
E/CN.4/1988/19
E/CN.4/Sub.2/1989/18 and 36
In the 1989 Report it was shown that there were 3387 cases against Argentina, 2141 cases against El Salvador and 2851 cases against Guatemala.
Peru E/CN.4/1986/18/Add.1
Working Group on Indigenous Populations:
Report E/CN.4/Sub.2/1982/33
E/CN.4/Sub.2/1983/22
E/CN.4/Sub.2/1984/22
E/CN.4/Sub.2/1985/22
E/CN.4/Sub.2/1987/22 and Add.1
E/CN.4/Sub.2/1988/24
The following states have been mentioned in the Reports of the WG as indicated:
Argentina 1st and 2nd
Bolivia 1st, 2nd and 3rd
Chile 1st, 3rd through 6th
El Salvador 1st through 6th
Guatemala 1st through 6th
Honduras 2nd through 5th
Mexico 5th
Nicaragua 1st, 4th, and 5th
Paraguay 4th and 5th
Peru 1st, 5th and 6th
Uruguay 2nd, 4th and 5th
Honduras E/CN.4/Sub.2/AC.4/1983/2
Study on Discrimination Against Indigenous
Populations: E/CN.4/Sub.2/1983/21/Add.1-8
Working Group on Arbitrary Executions:
Report E/CN.4/1983/16 and Add.1
Chile 1986
Colombia 1986
El Salvador 1986
Guatemala 1986
Paraguay 1986
Peru 1986
Suriname 1985 and 1988
Special Rapporteur on States of Emergency:
Reports
1987 E/CN.4/Sub.2/1987/19 and Rev.1 and Add.1
and Add.2
1988 E/CN.4/Sub.2/1988/18 and Add.1
1988 E/CN.4/Sub.2/1988/30 and Add.1 and
Add.2/Rev.1
1989 E/CN.4/Sub.2/1989/30
Special Rapporteur on Summary or Arbitrary
Executions:
Reports
1983 E/CN.4/1983/16 and Add.1
1984 E/CN.4/1984/29
1985 E/CN.4/1985/17
1986 E/CN.4/1986/21
1987 E/CN.4/1987/20
1988 E/CN.4/1988/22
The following Latin American states have been
accused of committing extra-legal executions:
Argentina
Brazil
Chile
Colombia
El Salvador
Guatemala
Honduras
Paraguay
Peru
Suriname
Special Rapporteur on Torture:
1st report, E/CN.4/1986/15 mentioned Chile,
El Salvador, Guatemala, Ecuador, and Honduras.
B) The COMMISSION ON THE STATUS OF WOMEN has 32 members. It issues an annual report as a Supplement to ECSOR. Its own documents appear in the E/CN.6/- series. It annual report should be examined for information on women in Latin America received from the Inter-American Commission on Women. The Commission has a Working Group on Communications on the Status of Women. Its reports will be in the E/CN.6/ series.
C) The COMMITTEE ON THE ELIMINATION OF DISCRIMINATION AGAINST WOMEN is a 23 member body which issues reports in the ECSOR series, and in the CEDAW/C/- series. It considers country reports and makes reports.
Reports considered:
Colombia 1987
Ecuador 1986
El Salvador 1986
Uruguay 1988
Venezuela 1986
Report issued:
Mexico CEDAW/C/5/Add. 1-13 1983
D) The COMMITTEE ON ECONOMIC, SOCIAL AND CULTURAL RIGHTS was established in 1987 as a successor to the former Sessional Working Group on the Implementation of the 1966 International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights. The work of the sessional working group is discussed in the following article: "Implementation of the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights: ECOSOC Working Group", No. 27 Int'l. Comm. Jurists Rev. p.26 (December 1981). The committee has 18 expert members. The following articles discuss the work of the committee: Alston, P. "Out of the Abyss: The Challenges Confronting the New U.N. Committee of Economic, Social and Cultural Rights", 9 Hum. Rts. Q. PP. 332-381 (1987); Alston, P. and Simma, B. "The First Session of the UN Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights", 81 Am. J. Int'l L. 747 (1987); Alston, P. and Simma, B. "Second Session of the UN Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights", 82 Am. J. Int'l L. 603 (1988); and, "UN Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights", Int'l Comm. Jurists Rev. pp. 33-39 (June 1989); and "Symposium: The Implementation of the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights", 9 Hum. Rts. Q. pp. 121-286 (1987).
Sessional Working Group:
Report E/1979/64
Report E/1980/60
Report E/1981/64
Report E/1982/56
Report E/1983/41
Report E/1984/83
Report E/1985/18
Report E/1986/49
Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights:
Report 1987 ESCOR Supp. (No.17), E/1987/28
Report 1988 ESCOR Supp. (No. 4), E/1988/14
Chile 1987
This is not meant as a comprehensive bibliography to Latin American human rights literature. It is merely a guide to some of the materials issued since 1980 which may be of interest to the researcher. In particular, it does not list many of the shorter publications of the many groups which publish materials in this area. The reader is referred to the catalogs of the Lawyers Committee for Human Rights; the Americas Watch Committee; the Washington Office on Latin America and the International Commission of Jurists, for numerous other citations. The Human Rights Internet Reporter is the best single source for citations in this subject area. Naturally, the researcher should utilize all of the standard bibliographic sources mentioned at the beginning of this article when engaging in in-depth research.
BIBLIOGRAPHIES
While only the first, third and forth items below are primarily concerned with Latin America, the other items have sections on Latin America or the OAS.
Comision para La defensa de Derechos Humanos en Centroamericana. Documentos Sobre Derechos Humanos en Centroamerica. Informacion y Documentacion No. 1. San Jose:CODEHUCA, 1987. This is a bibliography prepared by CODEHUCA focused on Central America.
Friedman, Julian R. and Marc I. Sherman. Human Rights: An International and Comparative Law Bibliography. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press, 1985.
Hartness-Kane, Ann. Human Rights In Latin America. Austin, Texas: Benson Latin American Collection, General Libraries, University of Texas at Austin, 1985, 1987.
Human Rights in Latin America, 1964-1980. Washington, DC: Hispanic Division, Law Library of Congress; Latin American Studies Association, 1983.
Martin, J. Paul. Human Rights: A Topical Bibliography. Boulder, Colo.: Westview Press, 1983.
Stanek, Edward. A Bibliography of Selected Human Rights Bibliographies, Documentary Compilations, Periodicals, Reports and Reference Books Essential for the Study of International and Comparative Law of Human Rights. Monticello, Ill.: Vance Bibliographies, 1987.
Vincent-Daviss, Diana, ed. Bibliography of Human Rights: A Collection of Bibliographies and Research Resources. Dobbs Ferry, NY: Oceana, (forthcoming 1990).
PERIODICALS
Listed here are a few periodicals which are published in Latin America or which publish significant articles dedicated to human rights materials on or from Latin America.
Andean Newsletter. Lima, Peru: Andean Commission of Jurists, [19--].
Boletin. Mexico City: Academia Mexicana de Derechos Humanos, 1988-.
Boletin Informativo. San Jose, Costa Rica: Instituto Interamericano de Derechos Humanos, 1985-.
Estudios Centroamericanos. San Salvador: Universidad Centroamericano Jose Simeon Canas,[19--].
Human Rights Internet Reporter. Cambridge, Mass.: Human Rights Internet, Harvard Law School, 1981-. This is probably the best source in English for information on the activities of the NGOs and the grass-roots organizations in Latin America.
Human Rights Law Journal. Kehl am Rhein, Federal Republic of Germany; Arlington, VA: N.P. Engel, 1979-. This publication reprints the Decisions and Advisory Opinions of the Inter-American Court of Human Rights. It also reprints OAS General Assembly Resolutions and documents of the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights. This is the best source for the official documents of the organizations in the international human rights regime without subscribing to their publications.
Human Rights Quarterly. Baltimore, Maryland: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1981-. This journal has published a number of articles dealing with human rights questions in Latin America.
Paz & Justicia. Montevideo, Uruguay: Servicio de Paz y Justicia, 1985-. Continues Sumario de Derechos Humanos.
Revista Chilena de Derechos Humanos.
Revista IIDH. San Jose, Costa Rica: Instituto Interamericano de Derechos Humanos, 1985-. Reviews human rights activities by the international governmental organizations, with a concentration on the countries and instrumentalities of the OAS. Has a bibliography of books, articles, and documents in each issue.
Revista Latinoamericana de Derechos Humanos. Lima, Peru: Red Latinoamericana de Abogados Catolicos, 1988-.
NEWSPAPERS
Listed are major newspapers in Latin America. While they are not directly concerned with human rights, they report the public record of the day-to-day activities which indicate the degree of respect accorded to human rights norms in each country.
Argentina La Nacion. Buenos Aires. La Prensa. Buenos Aires.
Bolivia El Diario. La Paz. Presencia. La Paz.
Brazil O Estado de Sao Paulo. Sao Paulo. Jornal do Brasil. Rio de Janeiro.
Chile El Mercurio. Santiago.
Colombia El Tiempo. Bogata.
Costa Rica La Nacion. San Jose.
Guatemala Diario de Centro America. Guatemala City. El Imparcial. Guatemala City. Servicio de Recortes Seleccionados. Guatemala: Infopress Centroamericana, 1983-. This is a newspaper clipping service which covers all of Central America.
Mexico Excelsior. Mexico City. El Nacional. Mexico City.
Peru La Prensa. Lima.
Uruguay El Dia. Montevideo.
Venezuela El Nacional. Caracas.
BIBLIOGRAPHY OF
SELECTED PUBLICATIONS ON HUMAN RIGHTS
IN LATIN AMERICA
SINCE 1980
REGIONAL
LATIN AMERICA
American Center of P.E.N. Freedom to Write Committee. Latin America, the freedom to write: a report. [New York] : The Center, c1980.
Asociacion Latinoamericana para los Derechos Humanos (ALDHU). America Latina: Situaciones Criticas. [s.l.]: ALDHU, 1985?
Asociation Latinoamericana para los Derechos Humanos (ALDHU). Derechos Humanos en America Latina: Temas y Debates. Quito: ALDHU, 1988.
Buergenthal, Thomas, Robert Norris, and Dinah Shelton. Protecting Human Rights in the Americas: Selected Problems. 2nd ed. Kehl, Federal Republic of Germany; Arlington, VA:Engel, 1986.
Camargo, Pedro Pablo. La proteccion juridica de los derechos humanos y de la democracia en America; los derechos humanos y el derecho internacional. Prologo del Dr. Luis Recasens